Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2009 / iii / Paper 72 / 1 / b

Take a uniform finite element mesh $x_i=ih$, $0\le i\le J$, $h=1/J$, and interior piecewise-linear hat functions ${\varphi }_i$. Write $u_h={\sum }_{i=1}^{J-1}{U}_i{\varphi }_i$. The Ritz method gives $KU=F$ withThe derivative part has diagonal $2/h$, neighboring entries $-1/h$ and zero other entries. For the affine-weighted hat mass matrix, symmetry around $x_i$ givesOn $[x_i,x_{i+1}]$, the product of the two hats is symmetric about the midpoint, integrates to $h/6$, and therefore has weighted integralConsequently the explicit tridiagonal equations arefor $1\le i\le J-1$, with $U_0=U_J=0$. The reaction coefficient has been integrated exactly; replacing it by an unweighted constant mass matrix would give a different system. For a nonzero coefficient vector, the represented function is nonzero and $U^{T}KU=a(u_h,u_h)>0$, so the matrix is symmetric positive-definite and the algebraic solution is unique.

Uniform spacing is a choice, not a requirement of the method. On a general finite element mesh with $h_i=x_i-x_{i-1}$, the corresponding entries arewith symmetric lower entries. These reduce to the displayed uniform-grid system.