Mass matrix ($M_{ij}={\int }_{\Omega }{\varphi }_i{\varphi }_j$)

The mass matrix is the Gram matrix of a finite element basis in the L2 inner product. Its coefficient quadratic form is the squared L2 norm of the represented trial function, so it is a positive-definite matrix for a linearly independent basis.

A mass eigenstate diagonalizes the Hermitian mass operator or mass matrix and has a definite mass. In a flavor basis with off-diagonal mass terms, it is a linear combination of flavor states. For unstable particles, decay propagation instead involves an effective complex matrix; its eigenvectors need not inherit the orthogonality of a Hermitian mass problem.

On a one-dimensional uniform finite element mesh of spacing $h$, let $w$ be an affine function and ${\varphi }_i$ the interior piecewise-linear hat functions. The weighted mass matrix has entriesand zero entries for nonadjacent indices. The diagonal product ${\varphi }_i^2$ is symmetric about $x_i$ and integrates to $2h/3$; the neighbouring product is symmetric about $(x_i+x_{i+1})/2$ and integrates to $h/6$. The odd part of an affine function integrates to zero around each centre, giving the formulas. This evaluates a variable reaction term exactly without substituting a constant coefficient or a quadrature approximation.