Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2013 / iii / Paper 30 / 1 / a

Use the normal linear modelHere $Y$ is the response random vector, $X$ is the known design matrix, $\beta \in {\mathbb{R}}^p$ contains the unknown regression coefficients, and ${\sigma }^2>0$ is the common error variance. Conditional on $X$, the errors have normal distributions and are independent random variables. Require $\mathrm{rank}X=p\le n$ for identifiability of $\beta$ and invertibility of $X^{T}X$. Usually $n>p$ is needed to estimate the error variance from the regression residuals. An intercept, when included, is represented by a column of ones in $X$.