Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge / 2015 / iii / Paper 67 / 1 / b / i

Write $P_0=|{\psi }_0⟩⟨{\psi }_0|$ and $Q_0=I-P_0$. Frustration freeness implies that every local orthogonal projection fixes $|{\psi }_0⟩$ on both the left and right. HenceThe spectral gap makes $\mathrm{supp}H=Q_0\mathcal{H}$. The supplied detectability lemma givesConsequentlyNo assumption that $K$ is Hermitian or normal is needed.

A stronger estimate will keep this same $\alpha$ when we count the two projection layers in (ii). On $Q_0\mathcal{H}$, put $P=P_{\mathrm{odd}}-P_0$ and $Q=P_{\mathrm{even}}-P_0$. They are orthogonal projections, with $\Vert PQ\Vert \le q$. For $m\ge 1$,so the powers of a product of two orthogonal projections satisfyThis extra estimate uses the projection structure, rather than generic submultiplicativity alone.