An elementary row operation is one of three reversible changes: interchange two rows; multiply one row by a nonzero scalar; or add a scalar multiple of one row to a different row. Their inverses are, respectively, the same interchange, multiplication by the reciprocal, and addition of the negative scalar multiple.
Applied to an augmented matrix, these changes interchange linear equations, rescale an equation by a nonzero factor, or add a multiple of one equation to another. Every old solution satisfies the new equations. Applying the inverse elementary row operation gives the converse, so the solution set is unchanged at every step. Equivalently, all the operations together give
(1)
where is an invertible matrix, a product of elementary matrices.

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