Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Oxford / 2015 / Prelims / Mathematics V resit / Question 7 / a / i

Use the convention that the Newtonian gravitational potential tends to zero at infinity and the gravitational field is $-\nabla \varphi$. A source element of mass $dm$ at position vector ${\mathbf{r}}^{\prime }$ contributes $-Gdm/|\mathbf{r}-{\mathbf{r}}^{\prime }|$, where $G$ is the gravitational constant. For the curve, $dm=\gamma d{s}^{\prime }$, soHere $d{s}^{\prime }$ is arc length along the source curve; the expression is finite away from it. This normalization fixes the otherwise arbitrary additive constant.