Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Oxford / 2023 / Prelims / Mathematics V / 4 / b / iii

The truncated Fourier cosine series gives the better approximation over the whole closed interval. Its Fourier coefficients obey $|a_n|\le 4/(\pi n^2)$, so absolute convergence and the tail boundgive uniform convergence. The even periodic extension is continuous; its slope changes only cause corners.

By contrast $b_n=(-1{)}^{n+1}/n+O(n^{-2})$. The odd periodic extension has a jump at $\pi$, giving slower coefficient decay and the Gibbs phenomenon near that endpoint. Every truncated Fourier sine series satisfies $S_N(\pi )=0$, soIt therefore cannot converge uniformly to $f$ on $[0,\pi ]$, although it converges at every point of $[0,\pi )$. This comparison concerns approximation across the interval; it does not assert that the cosine truncation has smaller error at every individual interior point for every $N$.