Past exam of the mathematics course of the year 2 of the natural sciences course of the University of Cambridge / 2006 / Paper 1 / 4 / i

Decompose ${\mathbb{R}}^n=\mathrm{span}\{a\}\oplus a^{\perp }$. The rank-one matrix update $a{a}^T$ acts as multiplication by $\Vert a{\Vert }^2$ along $a$ and as zero on its orthogonal complement. ThusThe perpendicular eigenvalue has multiplicity $n-1$ and is absent when $n=1$. Consequently $A^{+}$ is always an invertible matrix, while