Past exam of the MPhil in micro- and nanotechnology enterprise course of the University of Cambridge / 2022 / Paper 1 / Section B / 10 / ii / Solution

Remove the gaseous coproduct as it forms, for example by a controlled inert-gas sweep or reduced pressure compatible with the solvent and apparatus. Lowering its partial pressure reduces its chemical potential. For the decomposition equilibrium,so removing G lowers the reaction quotient and drives net conversion towards F until equilibrium is re-established. As D is consumed, reversible conversion from E can replenish it, allowing the coupled network to feed F.

Removing or selectively precipitating F can have a similar effect if feasible. Heating may increase the rate, but its effect on equilibrium requires the reaction enthalpy; a catalyst accelerates equilibration without changing the equilibrium constant. The gas-removal argument works because it changes product activity, not because it changes the identity of the catalyst.