Choose conventional diode current as positive in forward bias. The ideal dark and illuminated current densities are
(1)
The dark reverse-bias asymptote is before breakdown. Illumination shifts the curve down by : the short-circuit point is , and the open-circuit point is . The power-generating region has positive voltage and negative diode-convention current. A plot using positive delivered current would flip the vertical sign; its physical intercepts are the same.
Figure 1.
Ideal dark and illuminated silicon-cell current–voltage characteristics
. Original calculation using the supplied photon flux and saturation current at an explicitly assumed 298 K. A separate reverse-bias panel resolves the tiny dark saturation current; there is no breakdown term in this model. Details.

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