Past exam of the physics 2 paper of the University of Oxford / 2016 resit / 9 / Solution

The Lorentz force is $\mathbf{F}=q(\mathbf{E}+\mathbf{v}\times \mathbf{B})$. With no electric field, the exact nonrelativistic component equations for the given quadrupole areThe magnetic force does no work, so the total speed stays constant. In the paraxial approximation, $\dot{z}\simeq v$ and its small change is second order in the transverse motion. For $q>0$, put $\kappa =\sqrt{qA/(mv)}$. Initial travel parallel to the $z$ axis means zero entrance slopes, yieldingThus $x$ is focused while $y$ is defocused. The first focus in the focusing plane occurs atFor negative $q$, interchange the focusing and defocusing planes and use $|q|$ in $\kappa$. A single quadrupole magnet gives a line focus of a general beam, not simultaneous focusing of both transverse coordinates onto one point. The magnet must extend at least to the computed focus, and the slopes must remain small. For a relativistic beam, the corresponding paraxial factor is ${\kappa }^2=|q|A/p$, with $p$ the longitudinal relativistic momentum.