Past exam of the short options paper of the physics Prelims of the University of Oxford / 2022 / S03 / 1 / c

In the stated ordered propagation basis, a downward input is transmitted downward and reflected upward, giving the first column $(1,1{)}^T/\sqrt{2}$. An upward input is reflected downward with the opposite reflection phase and transmitted upward, giving the second column $(-1,1{)}^T/\sqrt{2}$. ThereforeEqual mirror reflection phases exchange the two directions. Choosing a phase of $\pi$ per reflection givesEach path encounters one mirror, so $M$ describes both arms together, not two successive reflections of each photon. Changing its common phase leaves all detection probabilities unchanged. Direct multiplication gives $B^{†}B=M^{†}M=I$, so both are unitary matrices. They preserve the norm of a quantum state and hence total probability for these lossless optical elements.

Ideal detectors are represented by measurement matrices, but detection itself is not unitary evolution within the two traveling modes. With $e_1=(1,0{)}^T$ and $e_2=(0,1{)}^T$, the projective measurement operators areThey give Born rule probabilities $⟨\psi |P_j|\psi ⟩$ and sum to $I$. An absorbing detector maps the incident photon to an excited detector and vacuum field; a complete physical description includes those additional degrees of freedom.