Past exam of the short options paper shared by Parts A and B of the physics course of the University of Oxford / 2019 / S7 / 1 / b

The appropriate invariance is invariance of the action element $Ldt$, including the change of the time measure. Under $\delta t=\lambda \varphi$ and $\delta q_i=\lambda {\psi }_i$, differentiation of $q_i^{\prime }(t^{\prime })$ gives $\delta {\dot{q}}_i=\lambda (D_t{\psi }_i-{\dot{q}}_i{D}_t\varphi )$. ThereforeUsing the Euler-Lagrange equations and $D_{t}E=-L_t$, this becomesAn action symmetry therefore yields the Noether chargeFor $\varphi =0$ this reduces to the usual spatial form of Noether's theorem. The same on-shell calculation permits velocity-dependent generators when they define a legitimate variational symmetry. Merely preserving the numerical value of $L$ is insufficient for transformations of time: the Jacobian matrix and determinant $d{t}^{\prime }/dt$ matters. If the action changes by a boundary term $\lambda D_{t}B$, the conserved quantity is $Q-B$.