Past exam of the solid mechanics course of the University of Oxford / 2023 / 2 / b / ii

Let $W_r,W_{\theta },W_{\varphi }$ denote derivatives of the strain energy density with respect to its three principal stretches. The principal stress formula for incompressible hyperelasticity isIt follows by applying $\mathbf{T}=\mathbf{F}({\partial }_{\mathbf{F}}W{)}^T-p1$ in principal axes. Equal tangential principal stretches and material isotropy give $W_{\theta }=W_{\varphi }$ at $({\lambda }^{-2},\lambda ,\lambda )$. Differentiating the reduced strain energy density by the chain rule givesThe unknown pressure cancels in this difference. Substituting in part (i), and then using the supplied derivative of $\lambda$, givesConsequently the desired ordinary differential equation isFor completeness, the supplied derivative follows from $R^3=r^3-(a^3-A^3)$: $dR/dr=r^2/R^2={\lambda }^2$, and differentiating $\lambda =r/R$ gives $(1-{\lambda }^3)/R$. At the undeformed value $\lambda =1$ the division must be interpreted by a limit; the spherically symmetric deformation with $a=A$ has $\lambda \equiv 1$ and should be handled directly by the radial equilibrium equation.