Past exam of the theoretical physics I course of the University of Cambridge / 2022 / 2 / d

For this density the Euler-Lagrange field equation with second derivatives givesInsert a plane wave $\varphi =A{e}^{i(kx-\omega t)}$. The second and fourth spatial derivatives give $-k^2$ and $k^4$, respectively, soFor propagating modes, $k^2>\alpha /\beta$ and the phase velocity has magnitude $|\omega /k|=\sqrt{(\beta k^2-\alpha )/\rho }$, which depends on the wave number. Thus the waves are dispersive. For $0<k^2<\alpha /\beta$, the squared frequency is negative: the corresponding solutions grow or decay exponentially rather than propagate with a real frequency. The uniform $k=0$ displacement is a zero-frequency shift mode.