Use only the displayed natural deduction rules. Let abbreviate . Indentation below marks temporary assumptions; the closing rule names the assumption discharged.
1 | ¬A assume
2 | | φ assume
3 | | A ∨-intro-L, 2
4 | | ⊥ ¬-elim, 3 and 1
5 | ¬φ ¬-intro, discharge 2–4
6 | A ∨-intro-R, 5
7 | ⊥ ¬-elim, 6 and 1
8 ¬¬A ¬-intro, discharge 1–7
9 A ¬¬-elim, 8There are no undischarged assumptions at line 9, so this proves the law of excluded middle. The use of double-negation elimination is explicit; an unproved appeal to the derived RAA rule is unnecessary.
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