For a constant-luminosity radiative envelope with ideal-gas pressure and Kramers opacity law, impose power laws on enclosed mass, density, pressure and temperature while retaining . If their exponents are , respectively, mass conservation gives , hydrostatic balance gives , the gas law gives , and diffusion gives . Solving gives . In particular . Neglecting envelope self-gravity instead sets approximately constant and changes the exponents to ; that approximation is not an exact solution of mass conservation with nonzero density.
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