Differences in the outcomes favoured by selection on males and females, for example over mating, fertilization or parental care. Shared benefits from reproduction do not imply identical optima.
A seminal protein studied in Drosophila melanogaster whose transfer affects female physiology and behaviour. Its evolutionary costs and benefits depend on mating regime and measured time horizon.
Conflict mediated by interacting traits encoded at different loci in the sexes, including manipulative traits and resistance.
Different sex-specific optima for a trait influenced by shared genetic variation. Sex-limited expression can reduce the conflict without requiring all genetic effects to become independent.
Reciprocal evolutionary change in traits of the sexes arising through opposed reproductive effects. Correlated morphologies alone need not prove historical reciprocal selection.
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