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A temporal skull condition lacking the characteristic temporal openings. It can be ancestral or secondarily acquired, so its occurrence does not establish one exclusive lineage.

The anterior cranial fossa is the anterior depression of the internal skull base supporting the frontal brain regions. Its bony floor also relates to the orbit and nasal region. Thin partitions here connect intracranial anatomy to nearby sensory passages.

The skull and vertebral-axis skeleton, contrasted with the girdles and appendages of the appendicular skeleton.

The braincase is the part of the skull enclosing and protecting the brain. Openings transmit nerves and vessels while the surrounding skeletal walls provide support. Comparative reconstructions distinguish this neural enclosure from the jaws and more external skull-roof components.

Movement between parts of the skull beyond ordinary lower-jaw rotation. joint surfaces, soft tissues, muscles and constraints elsewhere in the skull jointly determine realized movement.

A paleontologist who studied the skull of Ichthyornis, using its mixture of characters to reconstruct the stepwise assembly of the modern avian head.^[ref]

A reptile lineage with a two-opening temporal skull organization inferred in its ancestry. Modified descendants can lose or close these openings; turtles illustrate why present-day hole counts do not determine ancestry.

The ethmoid bone contributes to the skull base, nasal cavity and medial orbital walls. Its perforated superior region permits passage of olfactory nerve fibers. One bone therefore participates in several anatomical boundaries and in a sensory pathway.

A fossil reptile proposed as an early turtle relative. Its skull anatomy, ontogeny and phylogenetic placement have been used to test the history of temporal roof closure.

A paleontologist who investigated turtle skull evolution, using stem-lineage fossils to test hypotheses about their ancestral temporal openings.^[ref]

An Early Jurassic mammaliaform with a small skull documenting changes in the jaw, ear attachment and braincase. ^[ref]

A head injury is trauma affecting structures of the head. Injury to the scalp or skull and injury to the brain are related but distinct possibilities; a visible external wound is not required for traumatic brain injury.

Concussion is one possible neurological consequence. The same observed confusion can also have other contributors, so its interpretation depends on the injury history and the wider examination.^[ref]

The human skeleton is the framework of bones that supports the body, protects organs and supplies attachment points for muscles. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column and rib cage; the appendicular skeleton includes the limbs and their girdles. Movement depends on this framework interacting with joints and tendons.

A toothed Late Cretaceous bird outside Aves in crown usage, important for comparisons of the avian skull.

The internal carotid artery is a major arterial route from the neck into the skull, supplying substantial anterior intracranial territories and the orbit through branches. Its usual lack of cervical branches distinguishes its route from the external carotid distribution.

The jugular foramen is an opening at the skull base between temporal and occipital bones. It transmits major venous drainage and several cranial nerves, including the glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves. A lesion here can therefore affect several functions through one anatomical location.

A paleontologist who studied early jawed vertebrates, including Silurian fossils with character combinations that inform the origins of modern jaw and skull structures.^[ref]

An external opening of the nasal airway. Position relative to the rest of the skull is distinct from the number of openings.

An avian palatal arrangement with extensive bracing among the vomer, pterygoid bone, palatine bone and skull base. It is associated with Palaeognathae; the name does not establish evolutionary primitiveness.

A parietal bone forms much of the superior and lateral cranial vault. The paired bones meet near the midline and join other skull bones through sutures. Their broad surfaces contribute protection while the junctions have distinct developmental relationships.