Spectral matrix functional calculus ($f(A)$)

For a Hermitian matrix with unitary diagonalization $A=U\mathrm{diag}({\lambda }_i)U^{\ast }$, define $f(A)=U\mathrm{diag}(f({\lambda }_i))U^{\ast }$ for a function on its finite spectrum. This acts on eigenvalues, unlike an entrywise matrix function $f[A]$. For example, the spectral square of a matrix is its ordinary matrix product with itself, whereas its entrywise square is a Hadamard power.