Stone's theorem on one-parameter unitary groups ($U_t=e^{itA},A=A^{\ast }$)

Every strongly continuous unitary group has a unique possibly unbounded self-adjoint operator $A$ as its generator. Its domain consists of the vectors for which the norm limit of $(U_t\xi -\xi )/(it)$ exists as $t\to 0$. Conversely, the Borel functional calculus for a normal operator constructs a strongly continuous unitary group from every self-adjoint $A$. Smooth averaging supplies a dense generator domain; Laplace integrals of $U_t$ and $U_{-t}$ prove that $A\pm i$ are surjective, which establishes self-adjointness.