If supnE∣Xn∣2<∞ and the Xn are pairwise uncorrelated random variables, then n−1∑k=1n(Xk−EXk)→0 almost surely. Independence is unnecessary for this version of the strong law of large numbers. A uniformly bounded martingale difference sequence meets its hypotheses, since the differences have mean zero and are orthogonal in L2.
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- Strong law of large numbers
- Almost sure convergence
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