A substituent is an attached chemical atom or group considered relative to a chosen molecular framework. Testing whether two substituents are identical may require comparing their full chemical bond connectivity and stereochemistry.
A substituent that increases electron density in a specified molecular region through induction or chemical resonance. Donation into an arene can affect an attached metal and its other coordination ligands.
A substituent that reduces electron density in a specified molecular region by induction or chemical resonance. The sign and size of its effect depend on connectivity and the measured property.
The group formed by removing one hydrogen from cyclohexane.

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