X. Liu (apoptosis researcher) is the first author of the 1996 paper reconstructing aspects of apoptosis in cell-free extracts. Fractionation identified a requirement for cytochrome c together with deoxyadenosine triphosphate; removal of cytochrome c diminished the apoptotic response, and adding it back restored activity.[ref]
Induction of apoptotic program in cell-free extracts: requirement for dATP and cytochrome c by X. Liu and others. Abstract: extract fractionation, immunodepletion and add-back
This experiment connected a protein associated with mitochondria to activation of a cellular death program. Removing and restoring one component is especially informative because it tests a biochemical requirement within the extract. The paper's indexed byline is X. Liu; this entry does not infer a full identity from those initials.
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