Zirconia ($\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{O}}_2$)

Zirconia is zirconium dioxide, $\mathrm{Zr}{\mathrm{O}}_2$. Its monoclinic, tetragonal, and cubic structural forms differ in stability and physical properties.

Dopants can stabilize high-temperature structural forms at lower temperatures and create oxygen vacancies. This underlies applications in structural ceramics and oxide-ion conducting electrolytes, connecting phase stability with defect chemistry.