A borescope is a visual inspection tool used for examining the inside of objects, especially in areas that are difficult to access. It consists of a long, slender tube with a camera or lens at one end and an eyepiece or video display at the other, allowing users to view images of internal structures without disassembling or damaging the object being inspected.

The British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing (BINDT) is a professional organization in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting the science, practice, and benefits of non-destructive testing (NDT). NDT refers to a range of techniques used to inspect and evaluate materials and structures without causing damage. This includes methods such as ultrasonic testing, radiographic testing, magnetic particle testing, and dye penetrant testing, among others.

A checkweigher is a type of industrial scale used to verify the weight of products as they pass through a production line or packaging process. It ensures that items meet specified weight criteria, which is essential for quality control and regulatory compliance. Checkweighers can be used in various industries, including food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, and manufacturing.

DIN EN ISO 9712 is the European and International standard for the qualification and certification of personnel involved in non-destructive testing (NDT). The standard outlines the requirements for training, examination, and certification of NDT personnel to ensure they possess the necessary skills and knowledge to perform non-destructive testing safely and effectively. The standard covers various methods of NDT, such as ultrasonic, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and radiographic testing. It specifies different levels of certification (e.g.

Donecle is a company that specializes in drone technology, particularly focusing on the inspection and maintenance of infrastructure. Founded in France, Donecle has developed a range of autonomous drone solutions designed to perform aerial inspections of structures such as bridges, buildings, wind turbines, and other infrastructure assets. Their technology often includes advanced imaging and data analysis capabilities, enabling businesses to monitor the condition of their assets more effectively, enhance safety, and reduce costs associated with manual inspections.

Dye penetrant inspection (DPI) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method used to detect surface-breaking defects, such as cracks, porosity, and other discontinuities in solid materials. It is particularly effective for non-porous materials like metals, plastics, and ceramics.

Eddy-current testing (ECT) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique used to detect flaws in conductive materials. It involves the use of electromagnetic induction to generate eddy currents, which are loops of electrical current that are induced within the material being tested when it is exposed to a changing magnetic field.

An electrochemical fatigue crack sensor is a device used for monitoring and detecting the onset and growth of cracks in materials, particularly metals, during fatigue loading. These sensors work by leveraging electrochemical principles to identify changes in the material's properties that are indicative of crack formation and propagation. ### Key Features and Principles: 1. **Electrochemical Principles**: The operation of these sensors is based on electrochemical reactions that occur at the crack tip or within the material.

North Korean nuclear physicists are scientists in North Korea who specialize in nuclear physics, which encompasses the study of atomic nuclei, their interactions, and related phenomena. In the context of North Korea, these physicists are often associated with the country's nuclear weapons program, which has been a subject of significant international concern. North Korea has pursued nuclear weapons development for decades, leading to multiple nuclear tests and advancements in missile technology.

A liquid rheostat is an electrical device used to control the resistance in an electric circuit by using a liquid conductor. It typically consists of a reservoir filled with a conductive liquid, such as a saline solution or mercury, through which an electrode is immersed. The level of the liquid or the position of the electrode can be adjusted to vary the resistance, thus controlling the flow of current in the circuit.

The MAP test, or Measures of Academic Progress, is a standardized assessment administered to students, primarily in grades K-12, to measure their academic growth and proficiency in subjects like reading, mathematics, and sometimes language usage. Developed by the Northwest Evaluation Association (NWEA), the MAP test is adaptive, meaning that the difficulty of the questions adjusts based on the student's responses. This allows for a more personalized assessment of a student's knowledge and skills.

Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique used to detect surface and near-surface defects in ferromagnetic materials, such as steel. It is commonly employed in industries like oil and gas, power generation, and construction to inspect pipelines, storage tanks, and other components. ### How MFL Works: 1. **Magnetization**: A test object is first magnetized using either permanent magnets or electromagnets.

Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method used to detect surface and near-surface flaws in ferromagnetic materials. It is widely employed in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, manufacturing, and oil and gas, to ensure the integrity and safety of components. ### The Process of Magnetic Particle Inspection: 1. **Preparation**: The part to be inspected is cleaned to remove any dirt, grease, or coatings that could interfere with the inspection.

Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) 4.0 refers to the application of advanced technologies and methodologies in the field of nondestructive testing and evaluation, particularly in alignment with the principles of Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 represents the fourth industrial revolution, characterized by the integration of digital technologies, automation, data exchange, and artificial intelligence into manufacturing and industrial processes. NDE 4.

Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) is a phenomenon in which certain materials emit light when they are exposed to ultraviolet (UV) or visible light after having previously absorbed energy from ionizing radiation (such as gamma rays or beta particles). This process is commonly used in various applications, particularly in dosimetry (the measurement of radiation exposure) and in geological dating methods, such as optically stimulated luminescence (OSL).

Singular perturbation refers to a situation in mathematical analysis, particularly in the study of differential equations, where a small parameter multiplies the highest derivative in the equation. This small parameter can lead to significant changes in the behavior of the solution, resulting in phenomena that cannot be understood by analyzing the equation without this parameter. In this context, singular perturbations typically give rise to boundary layers — regions where the solution changes rapidly compared to other regions.

Sliding Mode Control (SMC) is a nonlinear control technique that is particularly effective for systems that are subject to uncertainties and disturbances. It is based on the concept of sliding surfaces, which represent a desired state or behavior of the system. The main idea is to design a control law that drives the system's state onto a predefined sliding surface and keeps it there for all subsequent time, thereby achieving robust performance.

Remote Visual Inspection (RVI) is a non-destructive testing (NDT) technique used to examine and assess the condition of structures, equipment, and components from a distance without requiring direct physical access. This process involves the use of various devices, such as cameras, endoscopes, drones, or robotic systems, to capture visual data and images for evaluation.

Robotic non-destructive testing (NDT) refers to the use of robotic systems to perform inspections and evaluations of materials, structures, and components without causing any damage. This technology combines the principles of robotics and non-destructive testing to enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and safety of inspection processes. ### Key Aspects of Robotic NDT: 1. **Automation**: Robotics automates the inspection process, reducing the need for human intervention and allowing for inspections in challenging or hazardous environments.

Arnljot Høyland is a Norwegian mathematician known for his contributions to the field, particularly in the areas of topology and functional analysis. He has authored various academic papers and has been involved in mathematical research and education.