A self-confirming equilibrium is a concept in game theory that refers to a type of equilibrium in which players' beliefs about the strategies and types of other players are consistent with the observed actions of those players, but not necessarily with the entire strategy profile of the game. This means that players form beliefs based on the limited information they have observed, which influences their strategic choices. In a typical Nash equilibrium, all players' strategies are mutual best responses, given their beliefs about the other players' strategies.

Steve Alpern is a mathematician and computer scientist known for his work in various areas including operations research, game theory, and applied mathematics. He has made significant contributions to the understanding of decision-making processes, optimization, and the development of algorithms. Alpern is also known for his research on multi-agent systems and strategic behavior in competitive environments.

Suzanne Scotchmer (1948–2014) was an influential American economist recognized primarily for her contributions to the fields of public economics and intellectual property. She was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where she made significant contributions to the understanding of innovation, knowledge creation, and patent policy. Scotchmer's work often explored the intersection of economics and intellectual property, analyzing how different systems of protection for innovation affect economic growth and the dissemination of knowledge.

In topology, the **disjoint union** (also known as the coproduct in the category of topological spaces) is a way to construct a new topological space from a collection of topological spaces such that the new space captures the "disjointness" of the original spaces.

Double origin topology (also referred to in some contexts as the "double point" space) is a concept in topology that involves a space in which there are two indistinguishable points that serve as 'origins' of the space. This idea can be constructed using set theory and is often used in discussions about defining equivalence classes and understanding the properties of topological spaces, particularly with respect to their connectivity and properties of separation.

Vincent Crawford is a prominent figure in the field of economics, particularly known for his contributions to game theory, economic theory, and experimental economics. He has held academic positions at various institutions and has published numerous influential papers on topics such as strategic interaction, bargaining, and market behavior.

Markov Perfect Equilibrium (MPE) is a refinement of the concept of Nash Equilibrium, applied to dynamic games with incomplete information. In such games, players make decisions at various points in time, and their strategies can depend not just on the current state of the game but also on the entire history of play. However, in the MPE, players base their decisions on the current state of the game rather than on its history.

Mertens-stable equilibrium is a concept from game theory, particularly in the context of non-cooperative games. It refers to a way of identifying equilibria in games that is robust under the consideration of deviations by players. In a game, a strategy profile (a set of strategies chosen by players) can be considered an equilibrium if no player has an incentive to unilaterally deviate from their strategy, given the strategies of the others.

Correlated equilibrium is a concept in game theory that extends the idea of Nash equilibrium. It was introduced by Robert Aumann in the 1970s. The key idea behind correlated equilibrium is that players can achieve better outcomes by coordinating their strategies based on some form of common signal or correlation, rather than choosing their strategies independently. ### Definition: In a correlated equilibrium, a mediator (or correlation device) sends signals to the players, suggesting which strategies they should play.

"Divine equilibrium" is a term that can have various interpretations depending on the context in which it is used, including philosophical, spiritual, and scientific perspectives. 1. **Philosophical/Spiritual Context**: In many spiritual and philosophical traditions, divine equilibrium refers to a state of balance or harmony that is achieved when one is in alignment with a higher power or universal principles.

Equilibrium selection is a concept in game theory and economics that refers to the process of choosing among multiple equilibria in a strategic setting. In many games, especially those with multiple equilibria, different outcomes can exist, and it may not be clear which equilibrium will be reached in practice. Equilibrium selection seeks to identify which of these equilibria is more likely to be observed based on certain criteria or frameworks.

An Evolutionarily Stable Strategy (ESS) is a concept from evolutionary game theory that describes a strategy that, if adopted by a majority of a population, cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy that is initially rare. The concept was first introduced by the biologist John Maynard Smith in the 1970s as a way to explain stable behavioral patterns in animal populations.

The term "intuitive criterion" can refer to different contexts depending on the field of study or application, but generally, it describes a basis for making decisions or judgments that is guided by intuition rather than formal methods or analytical processes. Here are a few contexts in which you might encounter "intuitive criterion": 1. **Decision Making**: In decision theory or behavioral economics, an intuitive criterion may refer to a decision-making approach that relies on gut feelings, instincts, or heuristic methods.

A multi-stage game is a type of strategic game that takes place over several stages or periods, where players make decisions at each stage that impact the payoffs and strategies of subsequent stages. These games are often analyzed in the context of game theory, and they can be used to model various situations in economics, political science, biology, and other fields where decision-making involves a sequence of actions and reactions.

A **normal-form game** is a representation of a strategic interaction among players in which each player chooses their actions simultaneously, and the outcomes depend on the combination of actions taken by all players. The normal-form game is typically represented in a matrix format, where: 1. **Players**: The game involves two or more players. 2. **Strategies**: Each player has a set of possible strategies or actions they can take.

An organizational-dynamic game is a concept that combines elements of game theory and organizational behavior to analyze and model the interactions and strategic decisions within organizations. The term can refer to various frameworks or simulations used to understand how agents (individuals or groups within an organization) interact over time, make decisions, and respond to changes in their environment or in the behaviors of others.

"Proper equilibrium" typically refers to a stable state in which various forces or factors are balanced in such a way that there is no tendency for change. This term can appear in various fields, including physics, economics, and environmental science, among others.

Quasi-perfect equilibrium is a concept from game theory, specifically related to dynamic games and extensive form games (games represented by trees with nodes and branches indicating possible moves by players). It is an extension of the idea of subgame perfect equilibrium, which requires that players' strategies constitute a Nash equilibrium in every subgame of the original game.

Mike Irwin may refer to different individuals, and the context of your question could determine which one you are referring to. One prominent Mike Irwin is known as a former American football player, specifically a linebacker who played in the NFL. Another is a former head coach for several college football teams. Additionally, Mike Irwin can also refer to a journalist or sportscaster, or it might be a name associated with various other professions.

Risk dominance is a concept from game theory that helps determine which of several potential strategies or equilibria in a game is more likely to be chosen by players when they are unsure of the actions of others. It is particularly useful in coordination games, where players have to make decisions without knowing what others will choose.