Black holes are regions in space where the gravitational pull is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from them. They are formed when massive stars exhaust their nuclear fuel and collapse under their own gravity. The core of the star contracts, and if its mass is sufficient, it can create a black hole. There are a few key features and concepts associated with black holes: 1. **Event Horizon**: This is the boundary surrounding a black hole beyond which nothing can escape.

A dust devil is a small,旋转的气旋，通常在干燥、沙质或尘土飞扬的地面上形成。它们通常是一个相对较小的气象现象，通常高度在几米到几十米之间，直径从几英尺到几十英尺不等。尘土旋风的形成通常需要强烈的太阳辐射，使地面的空气升温并迅速上升，产生

Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are brief, high-energy astrophysical phenomena characterized by the sudden, intense emission of radio waves from distant galaxies. They typically last only a few milliseconds and can release as much energy in that short time as the Sun emits in several days.

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are intensely energetic explosions that occur in distant galaxies, releasing an extraordinary amount of gamma radiation in a short period of time, typically lasting from a fraction of a second to several minutes. They are among the most powerful events in the universe and can outshine entire galaxies briefly in the gamma-ray spectrum.

The Stockholm Format is a specific approach to the design of international agreements or frameworks, particularly in relation to environmental and sustainability issues. It emphasizes the importance of inclusivity, integrating scientific knowledge, and engaging multiple stakeholders—including governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), businesses, and communities—in the decision-making process. The key principles often include: 1. **Holistic Approach**: Emphasizing interconnectedness between environmental, social, and economic dimensions.

AT2019qiz is the designation for a specific astronomical event that was identified as a transient object, likely a supernova. It was discovered in 2019 and is notable for its properties and the context in which it was found. One of the distinguishing features of AT2019qiz is that it was associated with a particular type of host galaxy and exhibited unusual characteristics that might differentiate it from typical supernovae.

The Harder–Narasimhan (HN) stratification is a concept in the field of algebraic geometry, particularly in the study of moduli spaces of vector bundles over algebraic curves or more generally over varieties. It is named after mathematicians J. Harder and M. Narasimhan, who introduced this idea in the context of vector bundles. The HN stratification provides a way to organize objects (such as vector bundles) based on their stability properties.

A Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) is a significant release of plasma and magnetic fields from the solar corona, which is the outer layer of the Sun's atmosphere. CMEs are often associated with solar flares and active regions, but they can occur independently as well. During a CME, large quantities of solar material (primarily electrons and protons) are expelled into space at high speeds, sometimes reaching millions of kilometers per hour.

A deficient number is a positive integer \( n \) for which the sum of its proper divisors (excluding itself) is less than \( n \).

"Facula" is a term used in astronomy and planetary science to refer to bright or reflective spots on the surface of celestial bodies, primarily on the Moon and planets. These features typically consist of relatively high-albedo material, which means they reflect more sunlight than their surrounding areas. On the Moon, faculae are often associated with impact craters and volcanic activity. They can be found in both the dark, basaltic plains (maria) as well as the bright highlands.

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are a subset of optimization algorithms inspired by the principles of natural evolution. They are used to solve complex problems by mimicking the processes of natural selection, adaptation, and evolution in biological systems. EAs are particularly useful for optimization problems where the search space is large, complex, or poorly understood.

A gamma-ray burst (GRB) is an extremely energetic explosion that occurs in distant galaxies, characterized by the emission of intense gamma rays. These bursts are among the most luminous events known in the universe and can release more energy in a few seconds than the Sun will emit over its entire 10-billion-year lifetime.

Helioseismology is the study of the structure and dynamics of the Sun through the observation of waves propagating within it. By analyzing these oscillations, which are caused by various types of waves (acoustic, gravity, and surface waves), scientists can gain insights into the Sun's internal structure, including temperature, density, and composition.

Hypergiant is a term that can refer to several different concepts, so context is important. In a literal astronomical sense, a hypergiant star is a very massive star that is much larger than a typical giant star. These stars have exceptionally high luminosity and can have masses ranging from about 25 to 100 times that of the Sun.

Eclipse season refers to specific periods during the year when eclipses of the Sun and Moon can occur. These seasons happen approximately twice a year, when the Sun, Earth, and Moon align in such a way that enables the occurrence of either solar or lunar eclipses. For a solar eclipse to take place, the Moon must be positioned between the Earth and the Sun, casting a shadow on the Earth.

A solar plage is a bright region in the sun's atmosphere, primarily found in the chromosphere layer. These areas are characterized by elevated temperatures and densities compared to their surroundings and are often associated with sunspots and active regions. Solar plages appear as bright patches in images taken in certain wavelengths, particularly in the hydrogen-alpha (Hα) line, which is commonly used in solar observations.

"Starspot" can refer to a couple of different concepts, depending on the context: 1. **Astronomy**: In the context of stars, a "starspot" is analogous to a sunspot on the Sun. Starspots are cooler, darker areas on the surface of a star caused by magnetic activity. They can affect the radiation output of the star and can be important for understanding stellar activity and behavior.

Stellar mass loss refers to the process by which a star loses a portion of its mass over time, primarily in the form of stellar wind or mass ejection during various phases of its lifecycle. This phenomenon is significant in the context of stellar evolution, influencing a star's lifespan, chemical composition, and the evolution of the interstellar medium.

AdS/CMT correspondence refers to the theoretical framework that connects concepts from conformal field theory (CFT), particularly those relevant in condensed matter physics (CMT), with Anti-de Sitter (AdS) space theories from string theory and quantum gravity.