Red clump stars are a specific type of red giant star in the later stages of stellar evolution. These stars are typically in the horizontal branch phase, which follows the giant phase of a star's life cycle. Red clump stars represent a phase where stars have exhausted the hydrogen in their cores and are now fusing helium into carbon and oxygen. They are somewhat hotter and brighter than ordinary red giants, and their spectra show strong absorption lines indicative of helium fusion.

Exoplanets detected by radial velocity, also known as the Doppler method or the radial velocity method, is a technique used to identify exoplanets by observing the gravitational influence they have on their host stars. This method takes advantage of the Doppler effect, where the light emitted by a star shifts in wavelength depending on its motion relative to an observer.

Collisional excitation is a process in which an atom or molecule absorbs energy during a collision with a particle, such as another atom, molecule, or electron. This energy transfer can promote an electron within the atom or molecule to a higher energy state, or excited state. Here's how it works: 1. **Encounter**: During a collision, kinetic energy from the colliding particle (which can be a gas particle or an electron) is transferred to the target atom or molecule.

The Deslandres table, also known as the Deslandres chart, is a tool used in the field of astronomy and astrophysics to facilitate the classification and analysis of celestial bodies' spectra, particularly stars. Named after the French astronomer Camille Deslandres, the table organizes spectral lines based on their wavelengths. In detail, the Deslandres table presents a systematic arrangement of the absorption or emission lines observed in the spectra of stars.

The term "diffuse series" can refer to different concepts depending on the context. However, it is not a widely recognized term in any specific field, such as mathematics, physics, or biology. It might be a misinterpretation or a specific concept within a niche area that is not broadly known.

The Ellis R. Lippincott Award is an honor presented by the American Association of Law Libraries (AALL). It recognizes significant contributions to the field of legal information and law librarianship, typically through excellence in legal research, teaching, and the development of legal information resources. Named after a prominent figure in law librarianship, the award underscores the importance of innovation, leadership, and dedication in legal information services.

Fluorescence spectroscopy is an analytical technique used to measure the fluorescence emitted by a substance after it has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. This technique is based on the principle of fluorescence, where certain molecules (fluorophores) absorb light at a specific wavelength and subsequently emit light at a longer wavelength.

The GF method, or the Galerkin Finite Element method, is a numerical technique used for solving differential equations, particularly in the fields of engineering and applied mathematics. It is a type of finite element method (FEM) that combines the Galerkin method—which is a technique for converting a continuous problem (like a differential equation) into a discrete one—with the finite element analysis framework.