IRsweep is a company that specializes in the development and production of advanced infrared (IR) spectroscopy systems. Their technology focuses on the high-resolution measurement of molecular gases and other substances using tunable laser technology. IRsweep's products are commonly used in fields such as environmental monitoring, industrial applications, and scientific research. One of their key innovations is the ability to provide fast and precise gas analysis by utilizing a range of tunable infrared lasers.

The term "magic angle" in the context of Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS) relates to the angle at which a sample is tilted to optimize the resolution and signal quality in the measurement of energy losses in electrons transmitted through a thin material. In EELS, the "magic angle" typically refers to an angle of approximately 54.

A microprobe is a scientific instrument used to analyze the composition of small samples of material at a microscale. It employs various techniques to determine the chemical and physical properties of materials, often down to the level of individual grains or particles. Microprobes can be used in a wide range of fields, including materials science, geology, biology, and electronics.

The Molecular Hamiltonian is a mathematical operator used in quantum mechanics that describes the total energy of a molecular system. It is a fundamental part of quantum chemistry, as it helps in understanding the electronic structure of molecules. The Hamiltonian incorporates various contributions to the energy of a molecule, including kinetic and potential energy terms.

A dynamometer is a device used to measure force, torque, or power. It can take various forms and is used in various applications across different industries, including automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing. Here are some common types and applications: 1. **Types of Dynamometers:** - **Mechanical Dynamometers:** These use mechanical means to measure torque and power. They often involve friction or other mechanical elements.

Intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) refers to a molecular electronic transition in which an electron is transferred between two metal centers that have different oxidation states within a complex, typically in mixed-valence compounds. This type of charge transfer occurs in systems where there are two or more closely spaced metal ions, and at least one is in a different oxidation state from the others.

Isotopic labeling is a technique used in various scientific fields, including chemistry, biology, and medicine, to trace and study the behavior of molecules by incorporating isotopes into their structure. Isotopes are variants of a chemical element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses. In isotopic labeling, one or more atoms in a molecule are replaced with isotopes of the same element.

JCAMP-DX is a data format used for the exchange and representation of spectroscopic data, particularly in the field of analytical chemistry. It is a standardized format designed to facilitate the sharing and storage of spectral data, such as that from infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry. The JCAMP-DX format is characterized by its use of ASCII text files that include a set of standard headers and data points.

A Jablonski diagram is a graphical representation of the electronic states of a molecule and the transitions between these states, typically used in the field of photophysics and photochemistry. It depicts the energy levels of the singlet and triplet states of a molecule, along with the various types of electronic transitions and the associated processes.

A Kerr frequency comb is a type of optical frequency comb that is generated through the process of the Kerr effect in nonlinear optical media. The Kerr effect refers to a phenomenon where the refractive index of a material changes in response to the intensity of light passing through it. When high-intensity light waves are introduced into such a medium, they can generate multiple new frequency components, resulting in a comb-like spectrum of optical frequencies.

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an analytical technique used to identify the elemental composition of materials. It involves focusing a high-energy laser pulse onto the surface of a sample, creating a localized plasma. This process can be summarized in the following steps: 1. **Laser Interaction**: A focused laser pulse is directed at the sample material. The intense energy of the laser causes the material to ablate, creating a small volume of plasma.

Laser diffraction analysis is a widely used technique for measuring the size distribution of particles in a sample. This method is based on the principle of diffraction, which occurs when a beam of light interacts with particles. Here’s how it works and its key aspects: ### Principles of Laser Diffraction 1. **Laser Beam**: A coherent light source, typically a laser, emits a beam of light that is directed towards a sample containing particles.

Linear dichroism (LD) is a spectroscopic technique used to study the orientation of molecules in a sample by measuring the difference in absorbance of light polarized in different directions. It is particularly useful for analyzing macromolecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and some types of polymers. In a typical LD experiment, a sample is illuminated with linearly polarized light, and the absorbance is measured for two orthogonal polarization directions (usually parallel and perpendicular to a particular molecular axis).

A list of spectroscopists typically includes notable scientists and researchers who have made significant contributions to the field of spectroscopy. Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation, and it has applications in various fields such as chemistry, physics, astronomy, and materials science.

Littrow expansion, named after the Austrian physicist Heinrich Littrow, is a method used in optics and diffraction-grating theory. It specifically pertains to the analysis of light diffraction by a grating at a specific angle, known as the Littrow angle. In the context of a diffraction grating, the Littrow expansion occurs when the incoming light is focused so that the angle of incidence equals the angle of diffraction for one of the diffracted orders.

Belarusian biophysicists are scientists from Belarus who specialize in biophysics, a field that combines principles and methods from physics with biological systems. This interdisciplinary area of study focuses on understanding the physical principles underlying biological processes, including areas like molecular biology, genetics, and biochemistry. Research conducted by Belarusian biophysicists may involve studying the structures and functions of biomolecules, the mechanics of cells, or the interactions between biological systems and physical forces.

Matrix isolation is a powerful experimental technique used in chemistry and physics to study reactive species, such as free radicals, small molecules, and unstable compounds, in a controlled environment. The fundamental idea behind matrix isolation is to trap these species at very low temperatures (typically in the range of 10 to 20 K) within an inert solid matrix, such as rare gas (like argon or neon) or other inert solids.

Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars (MWS) polarization is a phenomenon that occurs in heterogeneous materials, particularly in dielectric materials, where different phases or components have distinct electrical properties. This type of polarization arises due to the accumulation of charges at interfaces between different materials, leading to the creation of polarization charges. The MWS effect is characterized by two main aspects: 1. **Heterogeneous Media**: The materials involved have different dielectric constants and conductivities.

The McCumber relation, named after Eric McCumber, is an important concept in the field of quantum optics and quantum information. It describes the relationship between the noise and the signal in quantum systems, particularly in the context of the measurement process. The relation is often used in discussions of quantum measurements and the trade-offs between the information gained and the disturbance caused by the measurement.

Belevitch's theorem is a result in the field of control theory and systems engineering, particularly related to the study of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. The theorem provides a characterization of linear systems in terms of their input-output behavior, specifically concerning the transfer function representation of these systems.