Herbert Feigl (1902–1988) was an Austrian-born philosopher of science and a prominent figure in logical positivism and the philosophy of mind. He was associated with the Vienna Circle, a group of philosophers and scientists in the early 20th century that advocated for a scientific approach to philosophical problems and the verification principle, which holds that a statement is meaningful only if it can be empirically verified.

The Institute Vienna Circle (Institut Wien der Wissenschaft) and the Vienna Circle Society (Wiener Kreis Gesellschaft) are organizations dedicated to the study and promotion of the philosophy of science, particularly the ideas associated with the Vienna Circle, a group of philosophers and scientists that emerged in the early 20th century in Vienna, Austria. The Vienna Circle was influential in the development of logical positivism and scientific philosophy.

Josef Frank (1885–1967) was an influential Austrian architect and designer known for his contributions to modern architecture and design, particularly within the context of the Vienna Secession movement and later in Sweden. He was a proponent of a holistic approach to design, emphasizing the integration of architecture, furniture, textiles, and decorative arts. Frank was born in Vienna and studied at the Technical University of Vienna.

Karl Menger was an influential Austrian mathematician and one of the founders of the field of functional analysis. He was born on March 13, 1902, in Vienna and died on July 5, 1985, in the same city. Menger made significant contributions to various areas of mathematics, including geometry, topology, and mathematical logic.

Kurt Grelling was a German philosopher and logician known for his work in the fields of philosophy of language, logic, and mathematics. He is particularly recognized for his contributions to discussions around self-reference and paradoxes, including the famous Grelling-Nelson paradox concerning the set of all adjectives that are not self-descriptive. In this context, adjectives like "long" or "short" can be self-descriptive (e.g.

Louis Rougier (1900–1981) was a French philosopher and influential figure in the field of epistemology and the philosophy of science. He is best known for his contributions to the debate on logical positivism and for advocating for a critical rationalism that diverged from traditional positivist views. Rougier was also involved in the establishment of the Centre International de Synthèse, which aimed to promote interdisciplinary studies.

As of my last update in October 2023, there is no widely recognized figure or concept named "Marcel Boll." It's possible that it could refer to a person, a brand, or a niche term that isn't well-documented in major sources.

Piety generally refers to a deep devotion or reverence, particularly towards a deity or divine principles. It often encompasses a sense of dutifulness or respect within a religious context, demonstrating loyalty and adherence to the beliefs and practices of a faith. In a broader sense, piety can also manifest as moral uprightness and ethical behavior in everyday life.

Filial piety is a virtue and important concept in various East Asian cultures, particularly in Confucianism, where it emphasizes the respect, obedience, and care that children owe to their parents and ancestors. This principle is rooted in the belief that strong family ties and respect for one's family lineage are essential for social harmony and moral conduct. In essence, filial piety involves honoring one's parents through acts of care, support, and respectful behavior.

Friendship is a deep and meaningful relationship between individuals characterized by mutual affection, trust, and support. It involves emotional bonds where friends share experiences, provide comfort in difficult times, and celebrate each other's successes. Key elements of friendship typically include: 1. **Trust**: Friends should feel safe sharing their thoughts and feelings without fear of judgment. 2. **Support**: A good friend offers help and encouragement, whether emotionally, mentally, or practically.

Giving refers to the act of providing something to another person or group without expecting anything in return. This can take many forms, including: 1. **Charitable Donations**: Contributing money, goods, or services to organizations or individuals in need. This includes donations to charities, non-profits, or community projects. 2. **Volunteering**: Offering time and skills to help others, often without monetary compensation. This can involve working with local organizations, schools, or community services.

"Honor" can refer to several concepts, depending on the context in which it is used: 1. **Moral Principle**: Honor often denotes a high regard for ethical behavior, integrity, and honesty. It is associated with adhering to a set of personal or societal values. 2. **Respect and Esteem**: It can signify a sense of respect that one earns from others due to their actions, character, or contributions. Being honored often comes from achieving something commendable.

"Basic goodness" is a concept found in various spiritual and philosophical traditions, particularly in Buddhism. It refers to the inherent quality of all beings that is fundamentally pure, kind, and compassionate. This idea suggests that beneath the layers of confusion, negativity, or suffering, every individual possesses an intrinsic worth and positive nature. In Buddhist teachings, recognizing one's basic goodness is essential for personal development and transformation.

The Cardinal and Theological virtues are two distinct categories of virtues in Christian philosophy and ethics. They are often associated with moral theology, with origins in ancient philosophy and later development through Christian thought. ### Cardinal Virtues The Cardinal virtues are four key virtues that are considered fundamental to living a good life and serving as the foundation for moral behavior. They are: 1. **Prudence**: The ability to judge and choose correctly in all situations, helping us make wise decisions.

The Cardinal Virtues are a set of four virtues that are considered fundamental to living a moral life. They are: 1. **Prudence**: This virtue involves practical wisdom and the ability to make sound decisions. It is about making choices that are not only beneficial in the short term but also take into account long-term consequences. 2. **Justice**: Justice is the virtue of giving each person their due and upholding fairness.

In Christian theology, charity is considered one of the cardinal virtues and is often regarded as the most important among them. The term "charity" is derived from the Latin word "caritas," which refers to a selfless, unconditional love and concern for others. In the Christian context, charity embodies the love that God has for humanity and the love that individuals are called to express towards one another.

Charity, in the context of practice, refers to the act of giving help, support, or resources to those in need without expecting anything in return. Charity can take many forms, including monetary donations, volunteering time and skills, providing goods, or offering services to individuals or communities experiencing hardship. Charity is often organized through nonprofit organizations, foundations, or charitable groups that aim to address various social issues such as poverty, education, health care, and disaster relief.

Diligence refers to the careful and persistent effort or work that someone puts into a task or responsibility. It involves being attentive to detail, thorough in execution, and committed to achieving goals and completing tasks effectively. Diligence is often associated with qualities such as discipline, reliability, and perseverance. In various contexts, such as education, work, or personal endeavors, diligence can lead to success and the fulfillment of commitments.

In Christianity, discernment refers to the ability to perceive and understand spiritual truths and make wise judgments in accordance with God's will. It involves recognizing the presence and guidance of the Holy Spirit and distinguishing between what is good, true, and aligned with Christian values, and what is not. Discernment is often sought in various aspects of life, including personal decisions, moral dilemmas, relationships, and understanding Scripture.

The history of ethics is the study of how moral philosophy and ethical theories have developed over time. This history can be traced through various cultures and intellectual traditions, each contributing different perspectives on what constitutes good, just, and virtuous behavior. Below is an overview of key periods and movements in the history of ethics: ### Ancient Ethics 1. **Pre-Socratic Thinkers**: Early Greek philosophers like Heraclitus and Pythagoras grappled with the nature of existence and moral order.