Frederick Sumner Brackett (1860-1942) was an American scientist known for his contributions to the field of agronomy and plant physiology. He is particularly noted for his research on plant nutrition and soil chemistry, which helped enhance agricultural practices and improve crop yields. Brackett's work has influenced how scientists and farmers understand the relationship between soil properties and plant growth.

The Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) is an instrument aboard the Hubble Space Telescope, designed to study the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum of cosmic objects. Launched in 2009 during the servicing mission STS-125, COS significantly enhances Hubble's capability to observe the universe's formation and evolution.

The ELODIE spectrograph (Échelle LOw Dispersion, Original Digital Échelle) is a high-resolution spectrograph originally designed for stellar spectroscopy. It was installed at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence in France and has been used extensively for the study of stellar atmospheres, the search for exoplanets, and the observation of the chemical composition of stars.

An Integral Field Spectrograph (IFS) is an advanced astronomical instrument used to obtain detailed spectral information over a two-dimensional field of view. It combines imaging and spectroscopy, allowing astronomers to study both the spatial distribution and the spectral characteristics of light from celestial objects simultaneously.

An imaging spectrometer is a sophisticated optical instrument used to capture image data at many different wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum. By combining the functionalities of both imaging and spectroscopy, it allows scientists and researchers to obtain detailed spectral information for each pixel of an image, enabling them to analyze the composition and properties of materials.

EXPRES, short for "Express Purpose-Driven Research for Earth Science," is a collaborative initiative aimed at addressing various challenges in Earth sciences through research and innovation. This program typically focuses on integrating cutting-edge technology, data analysis, and interdisciplinary approaches to enhance our understanding of Earth's systems, climate change, natural resources, and environmental sustainability. However, there could be other contexts or meanings associated with the acronym EXPRES in different fields, such as engineering, technology, or even specific projects or products.

The Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) is an instrument that was used on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to analyze the light from faint astronomical objects, enabling astronomers to study their composition, temperature, motion, and other physical properties. The FOS was particularly effective for spectroscopic measurements, which involve breaking down light into its constituent wavelengths to identify the chemical elements present in celestial bodies.

The Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) and Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrograph (NIRISS) are scientific instruments used in astrophysical observations, particularly aboard the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). ### Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) The Fine Guidance Sensor is designed primarily to provide precision pointing and stabilization for the JWST.

NIRSpec, or the Near Infrared Spectrograph, is a scientific instrument aboard the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). It is designed to perform spectroscopy in the near-infrared range (0.6 to 5 microns), allowing scientists to study the composition, temperature, density, and motion of various astronomical objects, including stars, galaxies, and exoplanets.

HARPS-N (High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher - North) is a high-precision spectrograph designed for the detection of exoplanets through the radial velocity method. It is located at the TNG (Telescopio Nazionale Galileo) on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands, Spain.

The Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) is an instrument designed to measure various atmospheric gases, including greenhouse gases, air pollutants, and other trace constituents in the troposphere, which is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. Launched aboard the Aura satellite in July 2004 as part of NASA's Earth Observation System, TES uses infrared spectroscopy to analyze the composition of the atmosphere.

Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) is a satellite-based mission initiated by NASA to monitor air quality and track pollutants in the Earth's atmosphere, specifically in the troposphere, which is the lowest layer of the atmosphere where most weather events occur and where human activities contribute significantly to air pollution.

The Venus Emissivity Mapper (VEM) is an instrument designed to study Venus, particularly its surface composition and geology. Part of NASA's upcoming VERITAS (Venus Emissivity, Radio Science, InSAR, Topography, and Spectroscopy) mission, VEM will utilize advanced infrared spectroscopy to analyze the thermal emissions from the planet's surface.

The **PRL Advanced Radial-velocity All-sky Search (PARAS)** is an astronomical project aimed at detecting exoplanets around distant stars using radial velocity measurements. This project utilizes high-precision spectroscopy to measure the subtle shifts in the wavelength of light emitted by stars, which are caused by the gravitational influence of orbiting planets.

The SOPHIE échelle spectrograph is a high-resolution astronomical spectrograph used for the study of stellar spectra. It is primarily mounted on the 1.93-meter telescope at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence in France. SOPHIE is designed to observe the spectra of stars and is particularly well-suited for detecting exoplanets through Doppler spectroscopy, which involves measuring the slight shifts in the spectral lines of stars caused by the gravitational influence of orbiting planets.

Anders Jonas Ångström (1814–1874) was a Swedish physicist and astronomer known for his significant contributions to the field of spectroscopy and the study of light. He is best recognized for his work in measuring the wavelengths of various spectral lines and for founding the science of spectrometry. Ångström is particularly noted for his studies of the spectrum of light emitted by different elements, which laid the groundwork for modern spectroscopy.

Andrea Russell may refer to various individuals, depending on the context. Without additional details, it's unclear to whom you are specifically referring. Here are a few possibilities: 1. **Andrea Russell (Athlete)** - Could refer to an athlete in various sports, though specific information would be needed to provide context on their achievements. 2. **Andrea Russell (Academic)** - Might refer to a scholar or professional in academia, research, or other fields.

The Canadian Penning Trap Mass Spectrometer (CPTMS) is a type of mass spectrometer that utilizes the Penning trap technique for high-precision mass measurements of ions. This instrument is primarily used in nuclear physics, mass spectrometry, and related fields to analyze the mass-to-charge ratios of ions, which can provide valuable information about their composition and properties.

Clover is a type of gamma-ray detector used in nuclear physics, particularly for experiments involving the detection and measurement of gamma radiation emitted from radioactive materials. The Clover detector is an acronym that stands for "Clover-type Ge detector." Clover detectors are typically made using high-purity Germanium (HPGe) crystals. They are designed to provide high-resolution measurements of gamma-ray energies, which is crucial for identifying isotopes and studying nuclear decay processes.

The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) is an instrument aboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO), which was launched in August 2005. CRISM is designed to capture high-resolution images of the Martian surface and analyze the mineral composition through spectral imaging.