Solid state engineering is a field that deals with the study, design, and application of solid materials, particularly semiconductors and related components. It encompasses a variety of disciplines including materials science, electrical engineering, and physics, focusing on the properties and behaviors of solid materials at the atomic or molecular level. Key areas of interest in solid state engineering include: 1. **Semiconductor Fabrication**: Designing and manufacturing semiconductor devices such as transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits.

Semiconductor materials are substances that have electrical conductivity between that of conductors (like metals) and insulators (like glass). This unique property allows semiconductors to effectively control electrical current, making them essential for a wide range of electronic devices. The key characteristics of semiconductor materials include: 1. **Band Gap**: Semiconductors have a band gap energy, typically between 0.1 to 4 eV. This band gap allows for the control of electron flow.

The Wilson effect refers to a phenomenon in physics and astronomy related to the behavior of certain materials, particularly superconductors, when they are subjected to changing magnetic fields. More specifically, it describes the way in which the electrical resistance of a material can change when a magnetic field is applied or altered.

1 Nvidia A10G GPU, 4 vCPUs.

Supra-arcade downflows refer to the phenomenon observed in solar physics, particularly in the study of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and solar flares. These downflows are part of the dynamics associated with the solar corona, the outermost layer of the sun's atmosphere. In the context of solar flares, when a significant release of energy occurs, it can create shock waves and result in the ejection of plasma and magnetic field lines.

In astronomy, "Strahl" typically refers to a concept related to the study of cosmic rays, specifically the high-energy particles that travel through space. The term can also be connected to specific observational phenomena or instruments associated with astronomical studies. However, “Strahl” itself may not represent a widely recognized term or concept in astronomy, unlike terms like "radiation," "light," or "cosmic background.

A "space hurricane" is a phenomenon that refers to a large, swirling structure of plasma and magnetic fields in the Earth's upper atmosphere, particularly in the ionosphere. This phenomenon was identified in a study published in 2021, which described a space hurricane that occurred in the Earth's atmosphere. The space hurricane is characterized by a cyclone-like structure, appearing similar to the hurricanes we see on Earth but occurring in the space environment.

Solar wind is a continuous flow of charged particles, primarily electrons and protons, released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, known as the corona. This stream of plasma travels through space at varying speeds, typically ranging from 300 to 800 kilometers per second (about 670,000 to 1.8 million miles per hour).

1 Nvidia T4 GPU, 4 vCPUs.

Mentioned at: aws.amazon.com/ec2/instance-types/g4/

TODO meaning of "nd"? "n" presumably means Nvidia, but what is the "d"? Compare it g4ad.xlarge which has AMD GPUs. aws.amazon.com/ec2/instance-types/g4/ mentions:

Price:

A solar storm refers to a significant disturbance in the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere caused by solar activity, particularly the release of energy from the sun. Key phenomena associated with solar storms include: 1. **Solar Flares**: Sudden and intense bursts of radiation emitted from the sun's surface due to the release of magnetic energy. They can produce high levels of electromagnetic radiation across the spectrum, including X-rays and ultraviolet (UV) light.

Solar radio emission refers to the radio waves emitted by the Sun. This phenomenon occurs due to various processes and activities on the solar surface and in the solar atmosphere, particularly in relation to solar flares, sunspots, and coronal mass ejections. Solar radio emissions can provide valuable information about the physical processes occurring in the Sun, its magnetic field, and its interactions with the solar wind.

A solar particle event (SPE) is a short-term increase in the flux of charged particles emitted by the Sun, primarily during solar flares or coronal mass ejections (CMEs). These charged particles, which mainly comprise protons, electrons, and alpha particles, are accelerated to high energies and can travel through space at significant fractions of the speed of light.

Solar maximum is a phase in the solar cycle of the Sun, characterized by an increased level of solar activity. It occurs approximately every 11 years, when the number of sunspots, solar flares, and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) reaches its peak. During this period, the Sun’s magnetic field becomes more active and complex, leading to a higher frequency of these solar phenomena.

Qsort, short for "quick sort," is a highly efficient sorting algorithm that is commonly used in computer science for organizing data. Here's a brief overview of its features: 1. **Algorithm Type**: Quick sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm. It works by selecting a 'pivot' element from the array and partitioning the other elements into two sub-arrays, according to whether they are less than or greater than the pivot.

Proxmap sort is a specialized sorting algorithm designed to efficiently sort collections of objects that are represented as "proximity maps" or "proximity data." The specifics of the algorithm can vary, but the central idea revolves around the use of proximity information to achieve faster sorting performance than traditional comparison-based sorting methods. Proximity data typically involve relationships or distances between elements, which can be leveraged to reduce the number of comparisons needed during the sorting process.

Solar irradiance is the power per unit area received from the Sun's radiation, measured in watts per square meter (W/m²). It quantifies the intensity of sunlight hitting a surface at a specific location and time. Solar irradiance varies based on several factors, including the angle of sunlight, atmospheric conditions, and the time of year.

A solar flare is a sudden, intense burst of radiation from the sun's surface, typically associated with the release of magnetic energy stored in the sun’s atmosphere. These events occur in active regions, often near sunspots, and can release a wide spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet light, and X-rays. Solar flares are caused by the complex interplay of magnetic fields in the sun.

Lahaina Noon is a phenomenon that occurs in certain tropical locations, notably in Hawaii, when the sun is directly overhead at noon. During this time, which typically occurs twice a year, objects cast little to no shadow because the sun is positioned at a 90-degree angle relative to the ground. In Lahaina, Maui, the term specifically refers to the days when the sun is directly overhead at noon, which generally falls around May 23 and July 21 each year.

Joy's Law in astronomy refers to the empirical observation made by astronomer William H. Joy concerning the orientation of sunspots on the Sun's surface. Specifically, it states that sunspots tend to be aligned in a particular manner depending on their latitude.

James Stanley Hey (1945–2000) was a British American physicist known for his work in the field of nuclear physics. He made significant contributions to the understanding of nuclear reactions and the structure of atomic nuclei. Hey's research often focused on experimental methods and the development of new technologies to study nuclear processes.