Karl Jaspers (1883–1969) was a German psychiatrist, philosopher, and theologian, widely regarded as one of the key figures in existentialism and modern philosophy. His contributions span various fields, including psychology, philosophy, and political theory. In philosophy, Jaspers is known for his ideas about the nature of existence, freedom, and the human condition. He emphasized the importance of individual experience and subjective understanding in grasping truth.

Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832) was an English philosopher, jurist, and social reformer, best known for his foundational work in the development of utilitarianism—a moral philosophy that suggests that the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or utility. Bentham introduced the principle of utility, which evaluates the moral worth of an action based on its consequences for the greatest number of people.

John Raymond Smythies is a British neurologist and author known for his work in the field of consciousness studies and the mind-brain relationship. He has published extensively on topics relating to neuropsychology, philosophy of mind, and the nature of consciousness. Smythies has proposed theories that explore how subjective experiences relate to neurological processes, and he has engaged with both scientific and philosophical perspectives on these issues.

Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758) was an influential American theologian, preacher, and philosopher who played a crucial role in the First Great Awakening, a significant religious revival that occurred in the American colonies during the 18th century. He is often regarded as one of the most important figures in American religious history. Edwards was born in East Windsor, Connecticut, and was educated at Yale College.

Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) was an Argentine writer, poet, and essayist, widely regarded as one of the most significant literary figures of the 20th century. His work often explored themes of infinity, parallel universes, labyrinths, and the nature of reality and identity. Borges is particularly known for his short stories, which blend literary criticism, philosophy, and fantastical elements, often challenging conventional narrative forms.

Joshua Knobe is a prominent philosopher known for his work in experimental philosophy, moral psychology, and the philosophy of mind. He has conducted significant research on concepts such as free will, moral responsibility, and the interaction between moral considerations and cognitive processes. Knobe's work often employs empirical methods, including surveys and experiments, to investigate how people intuitively think about philosophical issues.

Julius Bahnsen (1830–1888) was a German philosopher known for his contributions to idealism and the philosophy of nature. He is often associated with the German idealist tradition, particularly with figures such as Hegel. Bahnsen's work focused on the nature of reality and the connection between the individual and the universal, exploring themes related to metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics.

Jun Tsuji is a Japanese culinary term that refers to a specific type of sushi rice. The term "jun" means "pure" or "genuine," and "tsuji" can mean "way" or "method." In the context of sushi, it often emphasizes the quality and authenticity of the ingredients used.

The "List of philosophers of mind" refers to a compilation of thinkers who have made significant contributions to the philosophy of mind, a branch of philosophy that explores the nature of the mind, consciousness, mental events, and their relationship to the physical body (especially the brain).

Karl Marx (1818–1883) was a German philosopher, economist, sociologist, historian, and revolutionary socialist. He is best known for his critical analysis of capitalism and his theories of socialism and communism. Marx's work laid the foundation for modern social science and influenced a vast array of fields, including economics, political science, and cultural studies.

Karl Popper (1902–1994) was an influential philosopher of science and political philosopher, known primarily for his contributions to the philosophy of science and the philosophy of language. His most notable ideas include: 1. **Falsifiability**: Popper is famous for arguing that the demarcation between science and non-science should be based on the criterion of falsifiability. He asserted that scientific theories must be able to be tested and potentially disproven through observation and experimentation.

Keith Frankish is a contemporary philosopher known for his work in the philosophy of mind, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence. He has contributed to discussions on the nature of consciousness, the mind-body problem, and the implications of cognitive science for our understanding of human thought and behavior.

Kieran Setiya is a contemporary philosopher known for his work in areas such as ethics, epistemology, and the philosophy of action. He has made significant contributions to discussions on practical reasoning, the nature of well-being, and the role of meaning in life. Setiya is also known for his books, including "Knowing Right From Wrong" and "Midlife: A Philosophical Guide," where he explores themes related to moral philosophy and the challenges of navigating midlife.

Krista Lawlor does not appear to be a widely recognized public figure or concept as of my last update in October 2023. It is possible that she could be a private individual, a budding professional, or a name that has recently gained relevance.

Lady Mary Shepherd, born in 1792, was a Scottish philosopher and a notable figure in early 19th-century philosophy. She is often recognized for her work in metaphysics and epistemology, and she contributed to discussions on the nature of the self and the relationship between experience and knowledge. She is particularly known for her critiques of contemporaneous philosophical ideas, especially those related to the nature of perception and the existence of an external world.

Laozi, also spelled Lao Tzu, is an ancient Chinese philosopher and writer, traditionally regarded as the founder of Taoism (Daoism), a philosophical and religious tradition emphasizing living in accordance with the Tao (Dao), which is often translated as "the Way." Laozi is traditionally believed to have lived during the 6th century BCE, although some scholars suggest he may have lived later.

Marcus Aurelius was a Roman emperor who ruled from 161 to 180 AD and is often regarded as one of the last "Five Good Emperors" of Rome. He is best known for his philosophical work, "Meditations," which is a series of personal writings reflecting his thoughts on Stoicism, virtue, and the nature of life. As a Stoic philosopher, he emphasized the importance of reason, self-control, and the need to live in accordance with nature.

Leo Tolstoy was a renowned Russian author, best known for his epic novels "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina." Born on September 9, 1828, in Tula Province, Russia, Tolstoy is considered one of the greatest writers in world literature. His works explore themes of morality, faith, and the human condition, often blending philosophical insights with rich narrative and character development.

Michael Polanyi (1891-1976) was a Hungarian-British polymath known for his contributions to several fields, including physical chemistry, philosophy of science, and economics. Initially trained as a chemist, he made significant contributions to the understanding of chemical bonding and the molecular structure of materials. Later in life, Polanyi turned his focus to philosophy and social sciences, where he explored the nature of scientific knowledge and the process of discovery.