William Marshner is a prominent figure associated with the Catholic intellectual tradition, particularly known for his work in the field of philosophy and theology. He is often recognized for his contributions to the study of traditional Catholic teachings, specifically in areas related to theology, the philosophy of religion, and Church history. Marshner has been involved in various academic and educational initiatives, including lectures, writings, and teaching roles.

Non-scientific hypothetical planets refer to theoretical or fictional celestial bodies that are conceived outside the boundaries of scientific investigation and methodology. These planets may exist in literature, mythology, video games, or speculative scenarios that don't necessarily conform to the laws of physics or astronomy as we understand them.

Obsolete calendars are systems of timekeeping that have been replaced or fallen out of common usage due to the adoption of more accurate or standardized methods of measuring time. Throughout history, various cultures and societies have developed their own calendars based on astronomical observations, agricultural cycles, or religious events, but many of these systems are no longer used today.

Ancient Greek astronomy is the study of celestial objects and events as understood by the ancient Greeks, particularly from around the 6th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. It played a crucial role in the development of Western scientific thought and laid the groundwork for later astronomical advancements. ### Key Features and Contributions: 1. **Philosophical Foundations**: Ancient Greek astronomy was deeply intertwined with philosophy.

Mortimer J. Adler (1902–2001) was an American philosopher, educator, and author known for his work in the fields of philosophy, education, and the promotion of the Great Books. He was a prominent advocate of liberal education and the idea that reading and discussing classic literature can develop critical thinking and understanding. Adler co-founded the Great Books of the Western World series and was involved with the University of Chicago's Great Books Program.

Hebrew astronomy refers to the astronomical knowledge and practices of the ancient Hebrews, primarily as recorded in biblical texts and other ancient writings. It encompasses both their understanding of celestial phenomena and their interpretations of astronomical events within a theological and cultural context. Key aspects of Hebrew astronomy include: 1. **Biblical References**: The Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) contains numerous references to celestial bodies, including the sun, moon, and stars.

The Hipparchus star catalog, named after the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus, is a significant star catalog that was produced using the data collected by the European Space Agency's Hipparcos satellite, which operated from 1989 to 1993. The catalog was released in 1997 and contains precise measurements of the positions, distances, and motions of stars.

"Nommo" can refer to a couple of different things, depending on the context: 1. **Linguistic and Cultural Concept**: In many African traditional religions, notably among the Dogon people of Mali, "Nommo" refers to spiritual beings or ancestral spirits that are associated with water and the power of words. The concept encompasses the belief that words have the power to create reality and invoke change, often relating to oral traditions and storytelling.

Since antiquity, several astronomical objects have been known and observed by various civilizations around the world. These include: 1. **The Sun**: Revered in many cultures as a powerful deity, the Sun was crucial for understanding time and seasons. 2. **The Moon**: Known for its phases, the Moon has been a subject of mythology and observance, influencing calendars and agricultural practices.

The "Book of Nut" (also known as the "Nut Book" or "The Book of the Dead of Nut") is an ancient Egyptian funerary text associated with the sky goddess Nut. It is part of the broader tradition of Egyptian funerary literature and contains spells and rituals intended to assist the deceased in their journey through the afterlife. Nut is often depicted as a woman arched over the earth, her body adorned with stars, representing the sky.

The Chu Silk Manuscript, also known as the "Chu Silk Texts" or "Chuyi Manuscripts," is an ancient Chinese text discovered in a tomb in the Hubei province of China, dating back to the Warring States period (around 475 to 221 BCE). The manuscript is significant for its contents, which include philosophical texts, poetry, and possibly ritual or historical writings.

In astronomy, the term "Classical planet" typically refers to the seven celestial bodies that were known to ancient astronomers and were visible to the naked eye. These planets are: 1. **Mercury** 2. **Venus** 3. **Earth** 4. **Mars** 5. **Jupiter** 6. **Saturn** 7.

Archaeoastronomy is an interdisciplinary field that combines archaeology and astronomy to study how ancient cultures understood and utilized astronomical phenomena. This discipline focuses on the relationship between cultural practices and celestial events, examining how societies interpreted the cosmos, incorporated astronomical observations into their rituals and architectural designs, and developed calendars based on astronomical knowledge.

The term "Assyrian eclipse" typically refers to a historical eclipse recorded in the Assyrian king lists and various cuneiform inscriptions. One of the most notable references is to a solar eclipse that occurred on June 15, 763 BCE, which is mentioned in the context of the reign of the Assyrian king Ashur-dan III. Scholars have used this astronomical event to help date other historical events and to better understand the chronology of the Assyrian Empire.

Astrology and astronomy are two distinct fields, though they both relate to celestial bodies and have a historical connection. ### Astronomy - **Definition**: Astronomy is the scientific study of celestial objects, space, and the universe as a whole. It involves observing and understanding the physical and chemical properties of planets, stars, galaxies, and other phenomena beyond Earth's atmosphere. - **Focus**: Astronomy seeks to explain the origin, evolution, and behavior of celestial bodies and cosmic events.

The term "firmament" traditionally refers to the vast expanse of heaven or the sky, often depicted in religious and mythological contexts as a solid dome or canopy that holds the stars and celestial bodies. In ancient cosmologies, the firmament was thought to separate the earthly realm from the divine or celestial realms above. In the context of the Hebrew Bible, the firmament is mentioned in the Book of Genesis, where God creates the firmament to divide the waters above from the waters below.

The Myth of Er is a philosophical allegory found in Plato's dialogue "The Republic," specifically in the last part of the work. It is presented as a story told by a soldier named Er, who dies in battle but returns to life after experiencing a journey to the afterlife. During this journey, he witnesses the fate of souls after death and observes how they are judged based on their earthly lives.

Hero of Alexandria, sometimes referred to as Hero of Alaxandria, was a Greek engineer and inventor who lived during the 1st century AD, likely between about 10 AD and 70 AD. He is often regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of engineering and mechanics. His most notable contributions include a number of inventions and devices that demonstrated the principles of physics and engineering long before the modern era.

The Dendera Zodiac is an ancient Egyptian representation of the night sky that is found on the ceiling of the Hathor temple in Dendera, Egypt. It dates back to the Greco-Roman period, specifically around the 1st century BCE to the 1st century CE. The zodiac is significant because it features twelve zodiac signs, which incorporate elements of both ancient Egyptian and Hellenistic astrology.

The Eclipse of Thales refers to a solar eclipse that occurred in ancient times, specifically on May 28, 585 BCE, during the time of the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus. This eclipse is notable not only for its astronomical significance but also for the role it played in demonstrating the predictive capabilities of science and mathematics in the ancient world.