A bathochromic shift, also known as a red shift, refers to the phenomenon where the absorption or emission spectrum of a substance shifts to longer wavelengths (lower energy) when it undergoes a change in its environment or structure.

The Benesi–Hildebrand method is a spectroscopic technique used primarily in analytical chemistry to determine the stability constants of complexes formed between a ligand and a metal ion. It is often employed in the context of UV-Vis spectrophotometry.

Biomedical spectroscopy is an analytical technique that applies the principles of spectroscopy to study biological samples. It involves the interaction of light with biological tissues and fluids to gather information about their molecular composition, structure, and dynamics. This method can be used to diagnose diseases, monitor physiological processes, and investigate the molecular makeup of cells and tissues. ### Key Techniques in Biomedical Spectroscopy: 1. **Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)**: Often used to identify organic compounds through their vibrational transitions.

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) refers to a photophysical phenomenon observed in certain luminescent materials, particularly organic compounds. Unlike traditional fluorescent materials, which often experience a decrease in emission intensity (quenching) when they aggregate, AIE-active compounds exhibit enhanced emission when they are in an aggregated state.

Airborne Real-time Cueing Hyperspectral Enhanced Reconnaissance (ARCHER) is an advanced reconnaissance system designed for military and intelligence applications. This system utilizes hyperspectral imaging technology, which involves capturing and analyzing light in many different spectral bands beyond the visible spectrum. Here’s a breakdown of its key components and features: 1. **Hyperspectral Imaging**: Unlike conventional cameras that capture light in just a few bands, hyperspectral imaging collects information across hundreds of spectral bands.

The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) is a specialized remote sensing instrument designed for capturing high-resolution spectral images of the Earth's surface. Developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), AVIRIS is used primarily for scientific research in various fields, including geology, ecology, and environmental monitoring.

Angle-resolved low-coherence interferometry (AR-LCI) is an advanced optical technique used to measure the thickness and other properties of thin films, surfaces, and layered structures with high spatial resolution. The method combines principles from low-coherence interferometry with angle-resolved detection, allowing for detailed analysis of materials at microscopic and nanoscale levels.

Anisotropic terahertz microspectroscopy is a technique that combines terahertz (THz) spectroscopy with imaging to study materials and biological samples at the microscopic level, focusing on their anisotropic properties. Here's a breakdown of the key components: 1. **Terahertz Spectroscopy**: Terahertz radiation occupies the frequency range between microwave and infrared light, typically from about 0.1 to 10 THz (or 0.3 to 30 mm wavelengths).

Applied spectroscopy is the use of spectroscopic techniques to analyze materials and substances in various fields, including chemistry, biology, materials science, environmental science, and medicine. Spectroscopy itself is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation, and it encompasses a variety of techniques that can provide detailed information about the structure, composition, and properties of substances. In applied spectroscopy, researchers and practitioners utilize various spectroscopic methods to address practical problems and gather data for specific applications.

Astronomical spectroscopy is a technique used in astronomy to analyze the light emitted, absorbed, or scattered by objects in space, such as stars, galaxies, and nebulae. It involves breaking down this light into its constituent wavelengths, creating a spectrum that reveals a wealth of information about the source of the light. Key aspects of astronomical spectroscopy include: 1. **Spectra Types**: The resulting spectrum can be continuous, emission, or absorption spectra, each providing different insights.

Band emission refers to the release of light or electromagnetic radiation from a material, particularly in the context of semiconductors and solid-state physics. This phenomenon commonly occurs when electrons transition between energy bands, particularly when they move from the conduction band to the valence band, resulting in the emission of photons.

The Birge–Sponer method is a technique used in molecular spectroscopy and quantum chemistry to determine the dissociation energy of diatomic molecules. The method relies on analyzing vibrational energy levels, particularly the transition energies between vibrational states of a molecule. ### Key Concepts of the Birge–Sponer Method: 1. **Vibrational Energy Levels**: Diatomic molecules exhibit quantized vibrational states that can be described by quantum mechanics.

The term "forbidden mechanism" can have different meanings depending on the context in which it is used. Here are a few interpretations across different fields: 1. **Physics and Chemistry**: In these disciplines, a "forbidden mechanism" often refers to a reaction pathway or process that is not allowed under the laws of conservation or quantum mechanics. For example, in nuclear physics, certain decay processes may be classified as "forbidden" if they do not obey the selection rules governing allowed transitions.

Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTS) is an analytical technique used to obtain the spectrum of a substance by measuring the intensity of light as a function of wavelength or frequency. The core principle of FTS is the application of Fourier transform mathematics to process the data collected from spectroscopic measurements. Here’s how it works in a nutshell: 1. **Interferometry**: FTS typically employs an interferometer, such as a Michelson interferometer, to split an incoming light beam into two paths.

A frequency comb is a tool used in physics and engineering that consists of a series of discrete, evenly spaced frequency lines or modes. It is typically generated by mode-locked lasers, which produce pulses of light at regular intervals. These pulses correspond to frequencies that are harmonically related, creating a "comb-like" spectrum of frequency lines when viewed in the frequency domain.

"Oceans" can refer to several different concepts depending on the context. Here are some common interpretations: 1. **Geographical Feature**: Oceans are vast bodies of saltwater that cover approximately 71% of the Earth's surface. There are five major oceans: the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean, and Arctic Ocean. They play a crucial role in regulating the planet's climate, supporting marine biodiversity, and facilitating global trade.

Cash, in a financial context, refers to money in the form of physical currency (such as coins and banknotes) as well as the amount of funds available in checking accounts and other liquid assets that can be used for transactions. It represents a medium of exchange that individuals and businesses use to facilitate economic activities. In accounting and financial reporting, cash is considered one of the most liquid assets, meaning it can be easily accessed and used to meet immediate expenses or obligations.

Broadband viscoelastic spectroscopy (BVS) is an advanced technique used to characterize the viscoelastic properties of materials across a wide range of frequencies. It is particularly useful for studying polymers, biological materials, and composite systems. ### Key Components of BVS: 1. **Viscoelasticity**: This refers to the property of materials that exhibit both viscous (liquid-like) and elastic (solid-like) behavior when deformed.

Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) is a highly sensitive optical measurement technique used to analyze the concentration of gases or the properties of materials. It is based on the principle of measuring the time it takes for light to "ring down" or decay within an optical cavity. Here’s a brief overview of how it works and its key features: ### Principle 1.

The Coblentz Society is an organization dedicated to advancing the field of molecular spectroscopy, particularly in the infrared. It was founded in 1948 and is named after the physicist and chemist, Frederick Coblentz, who made significant contributions to the field. The society aims to promote research, education, and communication in molecular spectroscopy by organizing workshops, conferences, and publishing scientific papers and newsletters.