The term **Infiltration Gallery** can refer to a couple of different concepts depending on the context, but it is most commonly associated with two main areas: 1. **Environmental Science and Hydrology**: Infiltration galleries are structures designed to collect groundwater or manage surface water runoff. They typically consist of subsurface channels, pipes, or wells that can capture and channel water infiltrating into the ground.

Water supply refers to the provision of water for various uses, including drinking, irrigation, sanitation, and industrial purposes. It involves the collection, treatment, storage, and distribution of water to ensure that it is available and safe for consumption and other uses.

Water transport infrastructure refers to the physical facilities and systems that facilitate the movement of goods and people over water. This includes various components that support the operation of maritime transportation, such as: 1. **Ports**: Facilities where ships dock to load and unload cargo. This includes cargo handling equipment, warehouses, and logistics facilities. 2. **Harbors**: Sheltered bodies of water where vessels can anchor or moor safely.

The American Water Works Association (AWWA) is a nonprofit organization founded in 1881 that represents members of the water supply industry in North America. Its mission is to improve water quality and supply through education, advocacy, and collaboration among water professionals. AWWA provides a wide range of resources, including technical publications, training programs, conferences, and networking opportunities, aimed at advancing knowledge and practices related to water supply and treatment.

Bridge scour is the process by which the natural flow of water erodes the foundation materials (such as soil, sand, or gravel) around and beneath a bridge structure. This erosion happens due to the fast-moving water around bridge piers, abutments, or other components, which can remove sediment and weaken the structural support.

The California Gold Rush was a pivotal event in American history that began in 1848 and lasted into the early 1850s. It originated when gold was discovered at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California, by James W. Marshall, a carpenter working for John Sutter, a Swiss immigrant and land baron. News of the discovery spread rapidly, leading to a massive influx of people to California in search of wealth.

Draining and development of the Everglades refers to the historical processes and activities that have significantly altered the natural landscape and hydrology of the Everglades ecosystem in Florida. Here’s an overview of those processes: ### Draining of the Everglades 1. **Historical Context**: The Everglades is a vast subtropical wetland that originally covered about 4 million acres.

The Dupuit–Forchheimer assumption is a principle used in groundwater hydrology, particularly in the context of modeling flow through porous media. It relates to the behavior of groundwater flow in an aquifer system and introduces an important assumption regarding the flow regime. ### Key Points about the Dupuit–Forchheimer Assumption: 1. **Vertical Flow Neglection**: The assumption primarily states that, under certain conditions, the flow of groundwater can be approximated as horizontal.

Fielding & Platt is a company with a rich history, primarily known for its engineering and manufacturing expertise. It was originally founded in the early 19th century in the United Kingdom and became well-known for producing industrial machinery, particularly in sectors like manufacturing and materials handling. Over the years, Fielding & Platt has been involved in various innovations and contributions to engineering technology. The company has undergone several changes and adaptations in response to market demands and technological advancements.

A flow limiter is a device or mechanism designed to restrict or control the flow of fluids (liquids or gases) within a system. Flow limiters are used in various applications, including plumbing, water management, industrial processes, and HVAC systems, to ensure that the flow rate does not exceed a certain threshold.

The Hardy Cross method is an iterative technique used primarily in civil and environmental engineering for analyzing indeterminate structures, especially in the analysis of flow in water distribution networks or sewer systems. It was developed by the engineer Hardy Cross in the early 20th century. ### Key Features of the Hardy Cross Method: 1. **Loop Analysis**: It works on the principle of analyzing loops in a network (like those in fluid flow systems) and calculating flow rates through pipes by considering conservation of mass and continuity.

The groundwater energy balance refers to the relationship between the inputs and outputs of energy associated with groundwater systems. Understanding this balance is crucial for managing water resources, predicting the behavior of groundwater systems, and assessing the impact of human activities and climate change on groundwater. ### Components of Groundwater Energy Balance: 1. **Inputs:** - **Recharge:** This is the primary input to groundwater systems. Recharge occurs when precipitation, surface water, or snowmelt infiltrates the soil and reaches the groundwater table.

Groundwater recharge is the process by which water from precipitation, river systems, or surface water infiltrates into the ground and replenishes aquifers—underground layers of water-bearing rock or sediment. This process occurs when water percolates downward through soil and rock layers, eventually reaching the saturation zone where the groundwater is stored.

A groyne is a coastal structure built from the shoreline into the water, typically made of wood, concrete, or stone. Its primary purpose is to control beach erosion and to protect the coast from waves and currents. Groynes work by interrupting the natural flow of sediment along the shore, which helps to build up and maintain beaches on one side while reducing erosion on that side. However, they can also lead to increased erosion on the down-drift side, as sediment transport patterns are altered.

Irrigation statistics refer to quantitative data and information related to the management and use of water for agricultural irrigation. These statistics can include a variety of metrics that help in understanding the efficiency, effectiveness, and impact of irrigation practices on crop production, water resources, and the environment. Key components of irrigation statistics may include: 1. **Irrigated Area**: The total area of land that is supplied with water through irrigation systems. This can be broken down by crop type or region.

The Jubilee River is an artificial river created to manage flood risk in the Thames Valley in England. Completed in 2002, it is approximately 11 kilometers (about 7 miles) long and runs through the counties of Berkshire and Buckinghamshire. The river is designed to divert water from the River Thames, especially during periods of heavy rainfall, thereby helping to alleviate flooding in nearby areas, particularly in towns like Maidenhead, Windsor, and Eton.

Li Kui (李悝) was an influential figure in Chinese history known for his contributions to Legalism, an important philosophical school during the Warring States period (475–221 BCE). He served as a minister in the state of Wei and is often recognized for his role in codifying laws and administrative practices that emphasized strict adherence to legal codes as a means of governance.

Stress distribution in soil refers to the way stress is transmitted and spread through soil materials when loads are applied to the ground surface or to structures built on the soil. Understanding stress distribution is crucial in geotechnical engineering and soil mechanics, as it impacts the stability and behavior of foundations, earth structures, and other constructions. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Stress Types**: - **Vertical Stress**: The load applied vertically on a soil layer, often from structures or weight of soil above.

Dougall's formula is a result in the field of combinatorics and special functions, specifically related to partitions and q-series. It provides an expression for certain types of sums involving binomial coefficients and powers of variables, often used in the study of partitions and generating functions.

The Van der Meer formula is a mathematical expression used in the field of fluid dynamics, particularly in ship hydrodynamics. It is specifically used to calculate the wave resistance of a ship moving through water, which is a critical aspect of ship design and performance assessment. The original Van der Meer formula is derived from the theories of wave making and resistance, and it provides a way to estimate the wave resistance based on the ship's dimensions and speed.