Logical determinism is a philosophical concept that posits that every proposition, whether it is true or false, has a determined truth value regardless of the context or the state of the world. In simpler terms, it suggests that if a statement about the future is true, then it must be true in a way that is independent of anyone's knowledge or beliefs about it. The notion is closely related to discussions in metaphysics, particularly in the context of free will and moral responsibility.

Lorenzo Valla's "Dialogue on Free Will" (often referred to as "De Voluntate") is a significant philosophical work where Valla engages with the concept of free will, a crucial topic in both philosophy and theology during the Renaissance. The dialogue is structured as a conversation among several characters who explore the nature of free will, its implications for moral responsibility, and its relationship to divine foreknowledge.

The neuroscience of free will is an interdisciplinary field that explores the relationship between brain activity, decision-making, and the concept of free will. It examines how neural processes underpin our thoughts, intentions, and actions, raising questions about the extent to which our choices are consciously made and whether we truly have the freedom to exercise will.

"Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom" is a work by the German philosopher Karl Raimund Popper, who is known for his contributions to philosophy of science and political philosophy. The book deals with complex themes surrounding the nature of freedom, determinism, and the ethical implications of human agency. In this work, Popper often explores the relationship between freedom and scientific understanding, arguing against deterministic views of human behavior.

The term "preference" can have several meanings depending on the context in which it is used. Below are a few common interpretations: 1. **General Definition**: Preference refers to a greater liking for one alternative over others. It indicates a choice or inclination toward something. 2. **Psychology**: In psychology, preference denotes an individual's favored choice among various options, often related to behaviors, tastes, or attitudes.

Qadariyah, also spelled Qadaríyah or Qadarīyah, is an early Islamic theological movement that emerged in the 7th century. It is often associated with debates surrounding free will and divine predestination. The followers of Qadariyah believed in the concept of human free will, asserting that individuals have the capacity to make choices independently of divine predestination.

The Rubicon Model is a psychological framework developed by German psychologist Heinz Heckhausen and his collaborators. It focuses on the processes involved in decision-making and goal achievement, particularly the transition from motivation to action. The model distinguishes between different phases in this process, highlighting how individuals move from the stage of consideration to the execution of their goals.

"Weltalter" is a German term that translates to "age of the world" or "world age." It is often used in philosophical, historical, or cosmological contexts to refer to the concept of time in relation to the universe or the history of the Earth. The term may encompass discussions about the origin, progression, and eventual fate of the universe, as well as the epochs of human civilization.

Velleity is a term that refers to a weak or insignificant desire or inclination to do something. It reflects a state where a person has a wish or want, but lacks the motivation or commitment to act on it. The term is often used in philosophical discussions to describe the difference between wanting something and having the will or determination to pursue it. In essence, velleity represents a kind of fleeting or half-hearted desire that doesn't translate into action.

Voluntarism, in the context of action and philosophy, refers to the doctrine that emphasizes the role of the will, or voluntary actions, in human behavior and decision-making. It is often contrasted with determinism, which posits that all events, including human actions, are determined by preceding events or natural laws.

Charles-René de Fourcroy, often referred to simply as de Fourcroy, was a notable French chemist from the late 18th century. Born on June 15, 1755, in Paris, he is best known for his contributions to organic chemistry and for being part of the scientific community during the Enlightenment period.

Michèle Rivasi is a French politician and member of the European Parliament. She is associated with the Green Party and has been active in various political and environmental issues. Her work has focused on areas such as climate change, environmental protection, and sustainable development. Rivasi has also been involved in public health issues and has advocated for nuclear disarmament and renewable energy. She has a background in biology and environmental sciences, which informs her policy work.

Mycle Schneider is a recognized expert in the fields of energy and environmental policy, particularly known for his work on nuclear energy and its alternatives. He is an advocate for renewable energy and has authored numerous reports and publications on the subject. Schneider has been involved in various international forums and initiatives related to energy transition, sustainability, and climate change. His insights are often sought in discussions regarding the future of energy systems and the role of nuclear power in the global energy landscape.

François Labourie is a notable figure in the field of neuroscience and psychology, particularly known for his research focusing on cognitive processes and their underlying neural mechanisms. His work often explores topics related to memory, learning, and brain function. However, it's worth noting that there is no widely recognized figure named François Labourie that is universally known; he might have a more specific relevance in certain academic or professional circles.

Girard Desargues was a French mathematician and engineer who lived during the 17th century (1591–1661). He is best known for his work in projective geometry and is often regarded as one of the founders of this field. Desargues' most significant contribution is the formulation of what is now known as Desargues' theorem, which describes the relationship between two triangles located in perspective from a point.

Grégoire de Saint-Vincent (1584–1667) was a Belgian Jesuit mathematician and philosopher known for his work in the field of mathematics, particularly for his contributions to the study of conic sections and his efforts in developing what would later be known as integral calculus. One of his notable achievements was his book "Typus universalis" (1647), where he worked on the idea of areas and volumes through geometric methods.

Jean Gaston Darboux was a prominent French mathematician known for his contributions in various areas of mathematics, particularly in geometry and calculus. He was born on August 14, 1842, and passed away on February 23, 1917. Darboux is particularly noted for his work in differential geometry and the theory of functions.

François Baccelli is a notable figure in the field of mathematics and engineering, particularly known for his contributions to stochastic networks, queueing theory, and performance evaluation in telecommunications. He has made significant impacts through his research, publications, and involvement in academic initiatives. Baccelli is also known for his work on the intersection of probability theory and network theory.

Gabriel Xavier Paul Koenigs does not appear to be a widely recognized public figure or entity as of my last knowledge update in October 2023. It's possible that he could be a private individual or a relatively unknown person in a specific context.

Michel Chasles (1793–1880) was a French mathematician known for his contributions to geometry and projective geometry, as well as to the study of conics and other areas of mathematical analysis. He is best known for Chasles' theorem, which pertains to the relationship between geometrical figures and their transforms, particularly in projective geometry. Chasles was also involved in the study of the historical development of mathematics and contributed to various forms of mathematical communication.