Gabrio Piola was an influential Italian mathematician and engineer known for his contributions to the fields of mechanics and continuum mechanics. He is particularly noted for the development of the Piola-Kirchhoff stress measures in continuum mechanics, which are used to describe the stress state in deformable bodies. The Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensors are important in the analysis of materials and structures under deformation and are particularly useful in finite element analysis.

Galileo Ferraris (1847-1897) was an Italian physicist and engineer, best known for his contributions to the development of alternating current (AC) electrical systems and the induction motor. He made significant advancements in the understanding of electromagnetism and electromagnetic fields. Ferraris is particularly noted for inventing the induction motor in 1885, which operates on the principles of electromagnetic induction.

Giovanni Caselli was an Italian inventor and engineer best known for his contributions to the early development of the telegraph and photography. He is most notably recognized for inventing the "pantelegraph," a device that could transmit written documents over long distances using telegraph lines, effectively allowing for the remote copying of images and text. Caselli's work in telecommunications was significant in the 19th century, as it helped lay the groundwork for future advancements in communication technology.

Giuseppe Zamboni was an Italian physicist and inventor, best known for his work in electrochemistry, particularly the development of the Zamboni pile—a type of voltaic cell or battery. He is credited with creating a simple and efficient way to generate electrical energy using layers of metal and electrolyte solutions. The Zamboni pile operates by utilizing chemical reactions to produce electric currents, and it is notable for its ease of construction and use.

Luigi Palmieri (1807–1896) was an Italian scientist and inventor best known for his contributions to the field of volcanology and for his work related to geophysics. He is particularly noted for his studies on volcanic activity and the development of instruments to measure temperature and gases emitted from volcanoes. One of his significant inventions was the "piranometer," an instrument designed for measuring temperature variations, which helped in the analysis of geological phenomena.

Alan Tower Waterman (1925–2015) was an influential figure in the field of science and technology policy. He served as the director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) from 1970 to 1972. Waterman was known for his efforts to promote scientific research and education in the United States and for advocating policies that strengthened the national commitment to scientific advancement. In recognition of his contributions, the Alan T. Waterman Award was established by the NSF in 1975.

Albert Crewe is recognized for his significant contributions to the field of physics, particularly in the area of electron microscopy. He played a pivotal role in the development of the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), which has advanced the ability to visualize materials at the atomic level. Crewe’s work has had substantial implications for materials science, biology, and nanotechnology.

Albert Edward Caswell is not a widely recognized public figure, celebrity, or historical person, as far as common knowledge suggests. However, it is possible that he could refer to a specific individual in a niche field, an artist, or someone noted in a local context.

Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti was an Italian engineer and inventor, best known for his contributions to the field of aerial photography and for his work with early photographic equipment. He was particularly notable for developing techniques and technologies that helped in the use of photography in various applications, including military and scientific fields. He is sometimes associated with the development of photographic plates and innovations in camera design during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Alexander William Bickerton (1816–1892) was a notable English geologist, chemist, and physicist. He made significant contributions to the understanding of geological processes and the nature of materials found within the Earth. Bickerton is particularly known for his work on the mineralogy and classification of rocks, as well as his research in the fields of chemical analysis and crystallography.

Eduard Hagenbach-Bischoff (1850-1904) was a Swiss painter known for his landscapes and still lifes. His works are characterized by their vibrant colors and a strong sense of light, often capturing the beauty of nature and the emotions tied to it. He was part of the art movements of the late 19th century, and his paintings reflect a blend of realism and impressionism.

Jean-Daniel Colladon (1802–1893) was a Swiss physicist and engineer best known for his work in the field of acoustics and fluid dynamics. He is particularly noted for his contributions to the understanding of the propagation of sound in water and the phenomenon of sonic waves. One of Colladon’s notable experiments involved demonstrating the speed of sound in water, which he calculated using a submerged bell.

Ludwik Gorzkowski does not appear to be a widely recognized public figure as of my last knowledge update in October 2023. It's possible that he may be a private individual or a figure who is not widely documented in mainstream media or literature.

Charles Édouard Guillaume was a prominent French physicist known for his significant contributions to the field of metrology, particularly in the study of physical constants and the development of precision measuring instruments. He was born on February 15, 1861, and passed away on June 13, 1938. Guillaume is particularly renowned for his work on the determination of temperature scales and the alloy known as Invar, which has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion.

The 2000s was a pivotal decade for robotics, marked by significant advancements in technology, increased interest in automation, and the integration of robotics into various industries. Here are some key highlights from that era: ### 1. **Advancements in Technology:** - **Microcontrollers and Sensors:** The development of cheaper, more powerful microcontrollers and a wide range of sensors (e.g., accelerometers, gyroscopes, cameras) made it easier to build sophisticated robotic systems.

"2000s software" refers to the various software applications, operating systems, and development platforms that were popular or significant during the 2000s decade, which spans from the year 2000 to 2009. This period saw rapid advancements in technology and significant shifts in how software was developed and used.

Lucien de la Rive was a notable Swiss physicist and inventor, known primarily for his contributions to electromagnetism and the study of the behavior of electric currents. He was born in 1799 and passed away in 1879. De la Rive is perhaps best remembered for his work on the theory of galvanism and his research in the field of electrochemistry. He made significant advancements in understanding electric phenomena and their applications, contributing to the scientific knowledge of his time.

Ludwig von Tetmajer was a Polish poet, writer, and politician, born on March 22, 1865, in the territory then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He is best known for his contribution to Polish literature, particularly during the Young Poland movement, which occurred at the turn of the 20th century. Tetmajer's work often explores themes of nature, love, and the complex emotions tied to the Polish landscape and culture.

"2012" in computing often refers to several notable events, technologies, and trends that emerged or gained significant attention during that year. Here are a few key highlights: 1. **Windows 8 Release**: Microsoft released Windows 8 on October 26, 2012. This operating system introduced a new user interface optimized for touch devices, focusing on a tile-based Start screen and the integration of cloud services.

In computing, the year 2013 is often referenced in relation to significant events, developments, and trends that occurred during that time. Here are a few key highlights from 2013: 1. **Cryptocurrency Rise**: Bitcoin gained popularity in 2013, with notable price increases and the emergence of new cryptocurrencies. This year was pivotal for the growth of blockchain technology and the concept of decentralized digital currencies.