A dark globular cluster is a type of astrophysical object that is essentially a globular cluster of stars but does not appear to contain significant amounts of luminous matter, particularly stars that can be readily observed. Instead, these dark globular clusters may contain a significant amount of dark matter or may be composed of stars that are dim or obscured from view, often due to dust or gas.

Feebly Interacting Particles (FIPs) refer to hypothetical particles that interact very weakly with standard model particles, making their detection extremely challenging. These particles are of significant interest in various areas of theoretical physics and cosmology, particularly in the search for solutions to some of the outstanding mysteries in the universe, such as dark matter, neutrino masses, and the matter-antimatter asymmetry.

LArIAT, or Liquid Argon In A Testbeam, is an experimental project designed to study liquid argon as a detection medium for neutrinos. It is part of the broader effort to develop and understand the technology needed for future neutrino detectors, particularly those using liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs).

Meta-cold dark matter (MCDM) is a theoretical concept in cosmology and particle physics that extends the idea of cold dark matter (CDM), a type of dark matter that moves slowly compared to the speed of light and is believed to make up a significant portion of the universe's mass. Cold dark matter models have been successful in explaining a wide range of astronomical observations, including the formation of large-scale structures in the universe.

Mixed dark matter refers to a theoretical framework in cosmology and astrophysics that posits the existence of multiple types of dark matter particles, which can have different properties and behaviors. Generally, dark matter is understood as a form of matter that does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it undetectable by traditional astronomical instruments. Instead, its presence is inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter, radiation, and the large-scale structure of the universe.

The history of artificial intelligence (AI) is a rich and evolving narrative that spans several decades, marked by both astonishing advancements and notable setbacks. Here's a brief overview of key milestones in AI history: ### 1. **Foundations (1940s - 1950s)** - **Theoretical Foundations**: The groundwork for AI was laid in the 1940s and 1950s with the development of theories in mathematics, logic, and computer science.

The Mészáros effect refers to a phenomenon in astrophysics, particularly in the study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). It is named after the Hungarian astrophysicist Pál Mészáros. The effect is primarily associated with the late-time behavior of GRBs and relates to the mechanisms of energy release and emission from these astronomical events.

Scalar field dark matter is a theoretical model in the field of cosmology and particle physics that proposes dark matter as a type of scalar field rather than as particles like Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) or axions. In simple terms, a scalar field is defined by a single value (a scalar) at every point in space and time, which can vary from one point to another.

In particle physics, WISP stands for "Weakly Interacting Slim Particle." Wisps are hypothetical particles that are considered as candidates for dark matter. They are characterized by their weak interactions with standard model particles, making them difficult to detect directly. WISPs usually include particles like axions, hidden photons, or other similar entities that could constitute non-baryonic matter in the universe.

Neutron reflectometry is a powerful experimental technique used to study the structural properties of thin films and surface layers at the nanometer scale. This method utilizes neutrons, which are uncharged particles, to probe the composition, thickness, and density profile of materials.

A Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) is a hypothetical elementary particle that is a candidate for dark matter, which makes up a significant fraction of the universe's mass-energy content. WIMPs are predicted to have mass and interact primarily through the weak nuclear force and gravity, but not through electromagnetic interactions, which means they do not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making them difficult to detect directly.

Sydney Chapman (1888–1970) was a notable British mathematician and geophysicist, renowned for his work in the fields of mathematics, astrophysics, and atmospheric science. He made significant contributions to the understanding of atmospheric physics, especially in areas related to the Earth's ionosphere, gas dynamics, and the behavior of gases in the atmosphere.

The Demidov Prize is a prestigious award in the field of science, primarily recognizing outstanding achievements in the fields of natural sciences and engineering. Established in 1884, the prize is named after the Demidov family, notable patrons of science and industry in Russia. The award is presented by the Russian Academy of Sciences and is typically given to researchers and scientists for their significant contributions to advancing knowledge and innovation.

Lightface is a two-player analytic game used in the field of mathematical logic and set theory. The game has a structure that revolves around "moves" made by the players, typically denoted as Player I and Player II. Each player takes turns making decisions or selections based on a pre-defined set of rules.

A cashless society is an economic environment in which financial transactions are conducted through digital means rather than with physical cash. This can include methods such as credit and debit cards, mobile payment apps, digital wallets, and online banking. In a cashless society, the use of cash is minimal or non-existent, and transactions are primarily facilitated by electronic systems. **Key Features of a Cashless Society:** 1.

The Ramanujan–Nagell equation is a famous equation in number theory given by: \[ 2^n = x^2 + 7 \] where \(n\) is a non-negative integer and \(x\) is an integer. The equation states that \(2^n\) can be expressed as the sum of a perfect square \(x^2\) and the integer 7. The equation is considered particularly interesting because it leads to a list of specific solutions.