Evolution@Home is a scientific research initiative that aims to study evolutionary processes using distributed computing. Participants can contribute their personal computing power to run simulations and experiments that model evolutionary dynamics, such as natural selection, population genetics, and species interactions. By leveraging the power of many individual computers, researchers can conduct large-scale simulations that would be impractical to run on a single machine. This collaborative approach allows for the gathering of significant amounts of data, facilitating a deeper understanding of evolutionary principles and processes.

GLIMMER is a tool designed for gene prediction in genomic sequences. Specifically, it employs statistical algorithms based on hidden Markov models (HMMs) to identify genes in DNA sequences. Developed by Burge and Karlin in the late 1990s, GLIMMER has been used extensively in the annotation of genomes, especially for prokaryotic organisms like bacteria.

Digital transcriptome subtraction (DTS) is a computational technique used in bioinformatics and molecular biology to identify and differentiate between RNA transcripts that are present in a given sample. This method involves comparing the transcriptome of a particular sample against a reference transcriptome to subtract out unwanted or irrelevant transcripts, thereby highlighting specific transcripts of interest.

GISAID, which stands for the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data, is a platform that promotes the sharing of genetic and epidemiological data related to influenza viruses and, more recently, coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. Launched in 2008, GISAID aims to facilitate rapid access to genomic data during public health emergencies, enhance global surveillance of infectious diseases, and improve preparedness for future outbreaks.

The Macromolecular Crystallographic Information File (mmCIF) is a specialized data format used to describe the structures of macromolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, that have been determined through X-ray crystallography. It is an extension of the CIF (Crystallographic Information File) format, which was originally designed for small-molecule crystallography.

Gene Ontology (GO) Term Enrichment is a statistical analysis technique used to determine whether specific biological processes, cellular components, or molecular functions are overrepresented (enriched) or underrepresented in a particular set of genes or gene products compared to a broader reference set, usually the entire genome or a specific biological context. The Gene Ontology project provides a comprehensive vocabulary to describe gene product attributes across all species.

Genome informatics is an interdisciplinary field that combines elements of genomics, bioinformatics, computer science, and data analysis to study and analyze genomic data. It involves the use of computational tools and techniques to store, retrieve, manipulate, and analyze large volumes of genomic information generated by sequencing technologies and other methodologies.

Haplogroup M8 is a designation in the human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup classification system. Haplogroups are used by geneticists to trace the ancestry and migration patterns of human populations based on specific genetic markers in mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited matrilineally (from mother to children). Haplogroup M predominantly arises from the broader M haplogroup, which is believed to have originated in Asia around 60,000 years ago.

Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology (ISMB) is a leading conference that focuses on computational biology and bioinformatics. It serves as a platform for researchers to present their findings in the development and application of algorithms, methodologies, and tools for analyzing biological data. The conference typically includes presentations on topics such as genomics, proteomics, systems biology, machine learning applications in biology, and more.

A protein family refers to a group of proteins that share a common evolutionary origin, structure, and often similar functions. Proteins within a family are usually encoded by related genes and exhibit significant sequence similarity, which suggests that they have evolved from a common ancestor. Protein families can be classified based on: 1. **Sequence Similarity**: Proteins that have similar amino acid sequences are often grouped together. This can be assessed using algorithms that compare sequences.

Interolog is a research initiative that focuses on the development of methods and tools for studying and modeling biological systems, particularly in the context of metabolic networks and interactions within cells. It often involves the integration of data from various sources to create comprehensive models that can predict how biological systems behave under different conditions. In a broader sense, the term "interolog" may refer to a specific type of evolutionary relationship between proteins, where a protein in one organism has a corresponding homolog (related protein) in another organism.

Machine learning in bioinformatics refers to the application of machine learning techniques and algorithms to analyze and interpret complex biological data. Bioinformatics itself is an interdisciplinary field that combines biology, computer science, and statistics to manage, analyze, and visualize biological data, particularly in areas such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics.

In glycomics experiments, precise and comprehensive documentation is essential to ensure data integrity, reproducibility, and comparability. Here are the minimum information requirements that should typically be included in a glycomics experiment: ### 1. **Sample Information** - **Source of Samples**: Origin of biological samples (e.g., tissue type, organism, cell line). - **Sample Preparation**: Methods used for isolation, extraction, and purification of glycans or glycoproteins.

Weighted Correlation Network Analysis (WGCNA) is a systems biology method used for analyzing the relationships between genes or other biological features in high-throughput data, such as gene expression profiles. The primary goal of WGCNA is to identify clusters (modules) of highly correlated genes and to correlate these modules with external traits or clinical outcomes.

Peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) is a technique used in proteomics for the identification of proteins based on the mass-to-charge ratios of peptide fragments. The primary steps involved in peptide mass fingerprinting are as follows: 1. **Protein Isolation and Digestion**: Proteins of interest are isolated from biological samples (such as cells or tissues) and then enzymatically digested, usually with trypsin, which cleaves proteins into smaller peptides at specific amino acid residues.

Phylomedicine is an interdisciplinary field that integrates evolutionary principles with medical research and practice. It involves the use of phylogenetic methods to understand the evolutionary relationships among organisms, which can provide insights into various medical questions, including disease mechanisms, drug development, and vaccination strategies. Key components of phylomedicine include: 1. **Evolutionary Insights in Disease**: Researchers study how pathogens (like viruses and bacteria) evolve and mutate within host organisms.

Serratus is not a widely recognized term in virology. However, you might be referring to a viral component or a classification that is less commonly discussed.

Defying Ocean's End is typically associated with project initiatives and organizations focused on marine conservation, sustainability, and the protection of ocean ecosystems. One prominent effort by this name aims to address the critical issues facing oceans, such as overfishing, pollution, and climate change. It often involves collaboration among scientists, policymakers, and local communities to promote sustainable practices and restore marine environments.

WormBook is a freely accessible online resource and collaborative platform that serves as a comprehensive guide to the biology of the model organism *Caenorhabditis elegans*, a type of nematode worm widely used in genetics, developmental biology, and neuroscience research. It is designed to provide researchers, educators, and students with detailed information about various aspects of *C. elegans*, including its genetics, development, physiology, behavior, and applications in scientific research.

The Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) is a scientific research initiative aimed at studying the biological, chemical, and physical processes in the Atlantic Ocean. It involves a series of oceanographic expeditions that traverse the Atlantic Ocean from the northern to the southern hemisphere, providing essential data on marine ecosystems, climate variability, and ocean health.