Charles Glover Barkla (1877–1944) was a British physicist known for his work in the field of X-ray spectroscopy. He is particularly recognized for his discovery of characteristic X-rays, which are specific to the elements and provide important information about the composition of materials. In 1917, Barkla was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his experiments demonstrating the existence of X-ray properties related to the atomic structure of elements.

Carl Runge (1856-1927) was a prominent German mathematician and physicist known for his contributions to numerical analysis and differential equations. He is most famous for the Runge-Kutta methods, which are a family of iterative methods used for solving ordinary differential equations. These methods are widely used due to their effectiveness and simplicity. In addition to numerical analysis, Runge also worked in various areas of applied mathematics and made contributions to fields such as mathematical physics and approximation theory.

Derek Jackson is a relationship expert, author, and social media influencer known for his advice on dating, relationships, and self-improvement. He gained significant popularity through his motivational videos and posts, often addressing topics related to love, self-worth, and personal growth. Jackson is also known for his candid discussions about his own relationships and experiences, which resonated with many of his followers.

George C. Pimentel (1922–2007) was an American chemist known for his contributions to the field of chemistry, particularly in molecular spectroscopy and chemical education. He made significant advancements in the study of infrared spectroscopy and played a crucial role in developing new techniques and instruments for analyzing molecular structures. Pimentel was a prominent figure in academia and served on the faculty at the University of California, Berkeley. He was also involved in promoting science education and public understanding of chemistry.

George Downing Liveing was a notable English physicist and luminary in the field of optics and spectroscopy. He was born in 1827 and passed away in 1924. Liveing contributed significantly to the study of atomic spectra and the understanding of how light interacts with matter. His work has influenced various applications in the realm of physics and engineering, particularly in the development of spectroscopic techniques.

Jean Lecomte could refer to different individuals, particularly because "Lecomte" is a relatively common French surname. One notable figure is Jean Lecomte, a French painter known for his works in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was associated with the academic art movement and created various historical and genre paintings.

Richard R. Ernst is a renowned Swiss chemist, best known for his pioneering work in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1991 for his contributions to the development of NMR spectroscopy, which has become an essential tool in chemistry, biology, and medicine. Ernst's techniques have significantly improved the resolution and applicability of NMR, enabling scientists to analyze complex molecular structures and dynamics.

John Simons is a notable chemist known for his work in the field of electrochemistry. He is particularly recognized for his contributions to the study of ionic liquids and their applications. His research has significantly impacted areas such as physical chemistry, materials science, and even energy storage. One of his key contributions includes the development of techniques for characterizing ionic liquids, as well as understanding their properties and behaviors at the molecular level.

Kai Siegbahn is a notable figure in the field of physics, particularly recognized for his work in the area of electron spectroscopy. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1981 for his contributions to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy, a technique used for analyzing the electronic structure of materials. This technique has been significant in studying surfaces and interfaces at the atomic level, which has applications in various scientific disciplines, including chemistry and materials science.

Robin M. Hochstrasser is a prominent American chemist known for his contributions to the fields of spectroscopy and physical chemistry. He has had a significant impact on the development of advanced techniques in molecular spectroscopy, including two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. Hochstrasser's research often focuses on understanding molecular dynamics and interactions at a fundamental level, utilizing various spectroscopic methods to probe the behavior of complex systems. He has also been involved in educational efforts and has published extensively in scientific literature.

William E. Moerner is an American physicist and a notable figure in the field of chemistry and biophysics. He is best known for his contributions to the development of super-resolution microscopy, a technique that allows scientists to observe the behavior of molecules at the nanometer scale. Moerner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2014, along with Eric Betzig and Stefan W.

William P. Bidelman is a prominent figure in the field of psychology, particularly known for his contributions to the study of personality and social psychology. His work has often focused on how personality traits and social behaviors influence individual decision-making and interactions.

The Journal of Raman Spectroscopy is a scientific publication that focuses on research related to Raman spectroscopy and its applications. Raman spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique used to observe vibrational, rotational, and other low-frequency modes in a system. This technique is widely used in chemistry, biology, materials science, and various fields for analyzing molecular structures, chemical compositions, and interactions. The journal publishes original research articles, reviews, and technical notes that contribute to the advancement of knowledge in Raman spectroscopy and related techniques.

Spin-polarized electron energy loss spectroscopy (SPEELS) is a sophisticated technique used to investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of materials at the nanoscale. This method combines aspects of traditional electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and spin-polarized techniques to provide insights into the spin states of electrons in materials.

Dark current spectroscopy is a technique used in the field of spectroscopy to analyze the properties of materials and detect specific phenomena, often in the context of photodetectors and other devices that interact with light. The "dark current" refers to the electrical current that flows through a photodetector in the absence of light, which can arise from thermal excitation of charge carriers, defects, and other mechanisms.

Rovibronic coupling refers to the interactions that occur between rotational, vibrational, and electronic states of molecules. The term is a combination of three components: 1. **Rotational (ro-)**: This part pertains to the rotational motion of molecules. When a molecule rotates, it can occupy various rotational energy levels. 2. **Vibrational (vi-)**: This aspect deals with the vibrational motion of the atoms within a molecule.

"Speeches by type" typically refers to the classification of speeches based on their purpose, style, or context. Here are some common types of speeches: 1. **Informative Speeches**: Aim to educate the audience about a particular topic. They provide detailed information and are factual. 2. **Persuasive Speeches**: Intended to convince the audience to adopt a particular viewpoint or take action. These speeches often appeal to emotions, logic, or ethics.

Speechwriters are professionals who specialize in composing speeches for others, typically for public figures such as politicians, executives, or organizational leaders. Their role involves researching the subject matter, understanding the audience, and crafting persuasive and impactful messages that resonate with listeners. Key responsibilities of speechwriters include: 1. **Research:** Understanding the context of the speech, including key issues, the audience's interests, and the speaker's style and objectives.

"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears" is a famous line from William Shakespeare's play *Julius Caesar*. It is the opening line of Mark Antony's speech in Act 3, Scene 2, in which he addresses the crowd after the assassination of Julius Caesar. In this speech, Antony seeks to sway public opinion against the conspirators who killed Caesar and to incite feelings of loyalty and mourning for Caesar.

An Oscar speech, also known as an acceptance speech, is a speech delivered by a winner at the Academy Awards (commonly referred to as the Oscars). These speeches are given by individuals who have received an Academy Award in various categories, such as Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and others. Typically, the speech is a moment for winners to express gratitude to those who supported them, including family, friends, colleagues, and mentors.