Rhetorical circulation refers to the way in which rhetorical texts (such as speeches, essays, advertisements, or social media posts) move across different contexts and audiences, gaining new meanings and interpretations as they circulate. It emphasizes the dynamic relationship between the creation, dissemination, reception, and transformation of rhetorical messages. Key aspects of rhetorical circulation include: 1. **Contextualization:** The meaning of a rhetorical text can change depending on the context in which it is received.

Master suppression techniques refer to strategies and methods used by individuals or groups to maintain power and control over others, often in social, political, or organizational contexts. The term was popularized by Swedish sociologist, researcher, and activist, Elaine Eksvärd, particularly in her work analyzing how dominant groups assert their influence and suppress dissent or dissenters.

Merism is a literary and rhetorical device that involves the use of two contrasting or opposite terms to refer to a whole or a more extensive concept. It's a way of expressing a complete idea by highlighting extremes, often implying everything in between. For example, phrases like "sink or swim" or "the rich and the poor" encompass a broader spectrum than just the two elements mentioned. In literature and poetry, merism can be used to create emphasis, portray completeness, or evoke imagery.

Metanoia is a rhetorical device that involves the revision or rephrasing of a statement in order to enhance its clarity, correctness, or impact. It often involves the use of a corrective phrase that alters or negates the initial statement, providing a more nuanced or reflective viewpoint. This technique can be employed to express deeper insight or to soften a previous assertion.

Mimesis criticism is a literary theory and critical approach that focuses on the concept of mimesis, or imitation, in literature and art. The term originates from the Greek word "mimesis," which means imitation or representation. This concept has its roots in ancient philosophy, particularly in the works of Plato and Aristotle, where it refers to how art reflects or imitates reality.

Mudsill theory is a social theory that emerged in the 19th century, primarily associated with the Southern United States before the Civil War. It posits that society is organized in a hierarchical structure, where a "mudsill" class—often associated with uneducated laborers or the working poor—serves as the foundation that supports the upper classes.

Narrative criticism is a method of interpreting and analyzing texts, particularly in literature and biblical studies, that focuses on the narrative structure, elements, and functions within a story. It examines how the narrative functions to convey meaning, the role of the narrator, character development, plot structure, themes, and the relationship between the text and its audience.

Nasreddin, also known as Nasreddin Hodja, is a famous character from Middle Eastern and Central Asian folklore, particularly associated with Turkish, Persian, and Arab cultures. He is often depicted as a wise fool or a humorous sage, using his wit and cleverness to navigate various situations. His stories typically feature moral lessons or reflections on human nature, making them both entertaining and thought-provoking.

Native American rhetoric refers to the communicative practices, strategies, and traditions of Indigenous peoples in North America. It encompasses a range of spoken, written, and performative forms of expression that reflect the unique cultural, historical, and social contexts of various Native American tribes and communities. Here are some key aspects of Native American rhetoric: 1. **Oral Traditions**: Many Native American cultures have rich oral traditions, including storytelling, myths, and legends.

Neo-Aristotelianism in literature refers to a revival or reinterpretation of Aristotelian principles, particularly those articulated in Aristotle's "Poetics," which outlines the characteristics of effective storytelling and drama. This approach emphasizes the importance of objective criteria for analyzing and evaluating literary works, focusing on elements such as plot, character, and themes.

New Rhetoric, often associated with the work of scholars such as Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca, emerged in the mid-20th century as a response to traditional rhetorical theories. Traditional rhetoric, rooted in classical texts and focused on persuasive techniques, largely centered on the speaker's ability to persuade an audience through logical argumentation (logos), emotional appeal (pathos), and ethical considerations (ethos).

Oracy refers to the ability to express oneself fluently and grammatically in spoken language. The term encompasses a range of skills related to speaking and listening, similar to how literacy pertains to reading and writing. Oracy involves not just the act of speaking, but also the capacity to engage in conversations, present ideas, argue positions, and communicate effectively in various contexts. The development of oracy skills is particularly important in educational settings, as they contribute to effective communication, collaboration, and critical thinking.

The "Panegyricus Messallae" is a work attributed to the Roman poet and orator, **Marcus Tullius Cicero**, specifically written in praise of **Messalla Corvinus**, a Roman statesman and general. The term "panegyric" refers to a public speech or published text in praise of someone or something, highlighting their virtues and accomplishments.

The "Parade of Horribles" refers to a concept often used in legal and political discourse, particularly in discussions of constitutional law or statutory interpretation. It involves presenting a series of exaggerated or absurd hypothetical consequences that could arise from a particular legal interpretation or decision, suggesting that these outcomes are undesirable or extreme. The idea is to illustrate the potential pitfalls or unintended consequences of a legal ruling by showcasing how it could lead to ridiculous or catastrophic results.

Paradiastole is a rhetorical term that refers to the technique of reinterpreting or redefining a negative quality or trait in a more favorable light. This rhetorical strategy involves presenting something typically seen as a flaw or vice as a virtue or positive characteristic through a change in context or perspective. For example, instead of labeling someone as insincere, one might describe them as being "diplomatic" or "carefully measured in their words.

Paraphrasing is the process of rewording or restating a piece of text or speech while preserving its original meaning. It involves altering the structure, vocabulary, and phrasing of the content without changing its essential message. Paraphrasing can be useful for clarifying information, avoiding plagiarism, or tailoring content for different audiences. It typically requires a good understanding of the original material to accurately convey the same ideas in a new way.

Parechesis is a rhetorical term used to describe a figure of speech in which a word is used in a way that it is not intended to refer to its literal meaning, often for the sake of introducing ambiguity or engaging an audience. It typically involves a form of pun or wordplay, where a word has more than one meaning or can be interpreted in multiple ways.

Parrhesia is a term that originates from ancient Greek, meaning "free speech" or "boldness of speech." It refers to the act of speaking candidly and openly, often about important or controversial topics, without fear of the consequences. The concept is closely associated with the idea of truth-telling and moral courage, where individuals express their thoughts and opinions honestly, even when it might be uncomfortable or risky to do so.

"Pars pro toto" is a Latin phrase that translates to "a part for the whole." It refers to a figure of speech or rhetorical device in which a part of something is used to represent the whole entity. This technique is often employed in literature, speech, and everyday language to create vivid imagery or to convey meaning more succinctly. For example, when someone refers to "the crown" to mean a monarchy or a king or queen, they are using "pars pro toto.

"Wooden iron" is a term that may cause some confusion because it appears to be a contradiction. Typically, "wood" refers to a natural material derived from trees, while "iron" is a metal that is strong and used in various constructions and tools.