Two-stream instability is a phenomenon observed in plasma physics and astrophysics that occurs when two streams of charged particles (such as electrons or ions) move parallel to each other but with different velocities. This situation is common in various astrophysical and laboratory plasmas, where the behavior of charged particles is influenced by electromagnetic forces.

A ball-pen probe, often referred to as a ballpoint probe, is a type of precision tool used in various fields, particularly in electronics and material testing. It consists of a small, rounded tip that resembles the ballpoint of a pen. This design allows for precise contact with surfaces or materials, enabling accurate measurements or assessments. In electronics, ball-pen probes are commonly used for testing and troubleshooting printed circuit boards (PCBs) or other electronic components.

A Faraday cup is a device used in various fields of physics and engineering, particularly in the study of charged particles and electron beams. Named after the scientist Michael Faraday, it serves as a tool for measuring the current of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, by collecting them and allowing for the measurement of the charge. The basic structure of a Faraday cup consists of a conductive cup or chamber that can capture and hold charged particles.

A Langmuir probe is a scientific instrument used to measure the properties of plasma, which is an ionized gas composed of ions, electrons, and neutral particles. The probe is named after Irving Langmuir, an American chemist and physicist who contributed significantly to the field of plasma physics.

Fluid dynamic instabilities refer to situations in fluid flows where a small disturbance can cause significant changes in the flow structure over time. These instabilities arise from the inherent characteristics of the fluid, its flow conditions, and external influences. In more detail, fluid dynamic instabilities can occur in various contexts, such as: 1. **Viscous Instabilities**: Occur in laminar flows where the viscous forces are not strong enough to resist disturbances, leading to a transition to turbulence.

Edge-localized mode (ELM) is a phenomenon observed in magnetically confined plasma in devices like tokamaks, which are used for nuclear fusion research. ELMs are characterized by periodic, explosive bursts of plasma that occur at the edge of the plasma confinement region. These bursts are associated with the release of energy and particles from the edge of the plasma, which can have significant implications for the overall performance and stability of the plasma confinement.

The IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). It focuses on research and advancements in the field of plasma science, which encompasses a variety of topics related to plasma physics and technology.

Physics of plasmas, also known as plasma physics, is the study of plasmas, which are one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being solids, liquids, and gases). A plasma is an ionized gas composed of free electrons and ions, meaning it has a significant number of charged particles that can conduct electricity and generate magnetic fields.

Plasma deep drilling technology is an innovative drilling method that utilizes plasma, typically generated by an electric arc, to cut through rock and other hard materials. This technology leverages the high temperatures and energy density of plasma to create a thermal and mechanical impact on the rock, which can facilitate drilling in a more efficient and less energy-intensive manner than traditional mechanical drilling methods.

Magnetic tension is a concept in magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and plasma physics that describes the tension force exerted by magnetic fields on conductive fluids or plasma. This force arises from the interactions between the magnetic field lines and the motion of charged particles within the fluid. To understand magnetic tension, consider the following: 1. **Magnetic Field Lines:** In a magnetic field, field lines carry the concept of magnetic flux.

Number density is a physical quantity that describes the concentration of a number of particles, such as atoms, molecules, or other entities, in a given volume of space. It is typically represented by the symbol \( n \) and is measured in units of particles per unit volume, such as particles per cubic meter (m⁻³) or particles per cubic centimeter (cm⁻³).

The term "Plasma parameter" generally refers to a set of dimensionless parameters used to characterize the behavior of plasmas, which are ionized gases consisting of charged particles (ions and electrons) that exhibit collective behavior. Plasma parameters help in understanding the properties, stability, and dynamics of plasmas in various contexts, ranging from astrophysical phenomena to laboratory experiments.

A plasma actuator is a device that uses ionized gas (plasma) to generate aerodynamic forces for various applications, primarily in flow control and drag reduction. Plasma actuators typically consist of two electrodes and a dielectric material, where a high-voltage electric field is applied to create plasma. This ionization of air generates a flow of ions and charged particles that interact with the surrounding fluid, leading to the manipulation of airflow.

A plasma contactor is a device that is used in plasma propulsion systems, particularly in spacecraft. Its primary function is to control and manage the flow of ionized gas (plasma) and to generate thrust. Plasma contactors can serve multiple roles including the neutralization of ion beams, providing a means of interfacing with the surrounding environment, and maintaining charge balance within a spacecraft.

James F. Drake is likely a reference to a notable figure, but without additional context, it's difficult to pinpoint who you might be referring to. There could be multiple individuals with that name across various fields. For example, James F. Drake (born 1980) is known in the realm of science, particularly in fields like biology or environmental studies. Others might know him in the context of academics, art, or history.

Jiří Linhart could refer to different individuals, but without specific context, it's difficult to determine who you might be referring to. He could be a person of interest in various fields such as academia, art, or sports.

Kunioki Mima is a Japanese artist known for his intricate and vibrant paintings that often incorporate elements of traditional Japanese culture, contemporary themes, and techniques. His work can draw upon various influences, including ukiyo-e (a genre of Japanese woodblock prints) and modern art styles. Mima's art may explore themes such as nature, identity, and the interplay between past and present.

Patrick H. Diamond is a well-known physicist and researcher, particularly in the field of plasma physics and nuclear fusion. He is associated with work related to the study of magnetic confinement and its applications in fusion energy. His research often focuses on plasma behavior in fusion reactors and the development of technologies to achieve sustainable nuclear fusion.

The Sack–Schamel equation is a mathematical model used to describe the behavior of certain types of non-linear wave phenomena, particularly in plasma physics and fluid dynamics. It is often employed in the study of solitary waves, which are stable, localized waves that can travel over considerable distances without changing shape.