The Smith Predictor is a control algorithm used primarily for processes with time delays. It is particularly effective in improving the performance of feedback control systems where delays can cause stability issues and degraded response characteristics. The main concept behind the Smith Predictor is to compensate for the time delay in the process by incorporating a model of the process dynamics into the control loop. ### Key Components: 1. **Process Model**: The Smith Predictor uses a mathematical model of the process to predict future output based on current and past inputs.

"Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting" is a philosophical book written by Daniel C. Dennett, published in 1984. In this work, Dennett explores the concept of free will and its implications, addressing common philosophical concerns regarding determinism and moral responsibility. Dennett argues that the traditional dichotomy between free will and determinism is too simplistic. He proposes that a more nuanced understanding of free will can coexist with a deterministic view of the universe.

Dialectic is a method of argument or discourse that seeks to resolve contradictions and arrive at a deeper understanding of truth. It has been used throughout history by various philosophers and thinkers, and it can take different forms depending on the context. 1. **Philosophical Dialectic**: Originating with ancient Greek philosophers such as Socrates, dialectic involved the art of conversation and debate to explore ideas and uncover truths through asking questions and examining answers.

"Brainstorms" can refer to different concepts depending on the context: 1. **Creative Thinking Process**: In general, a "brainstorm" is a technique used to generate ideas and solutions through spontaneous and free-flowing discussion or writing. It's commonly used in group settings, where participants share thoughts without criticism or judgment to encourage creativity.

Ludwig Wittgenstein's reflections on rules and private language are primarily found in his later work, particularly in *Philosophical Investigations*. His ideas challenge traditional notions of meaning, language, and understanding in several significant ways. ### Rules and Language Games: 1. **Language as a Social Practice**: Wittgenstein argues that the meaning of words and concepts arises from their use in a particular form of life or social context.

"The Foundations of Psychoanalysis" is a work by the Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who is best known as the founder of psychoanalysis. Although there are several texts and lectures by Freud that could fit under this title or theme, it generally refers to Freud's exploration of the fundamental concepts and methods of psychoanalysis.

The Megarian school was an ancient Greek philosophical school that emerged in the 4th century BCE. It was founded by Euclid of Megara, a student of Socrates, and is often associated with the city of Megara, which is located near Athens. The Megarian school is known for its contributions to dialectical reasoning and its focus on logic and ontology, emphasizing the nature of being and the distinction between appearance and reality.

IBM has a longstanding presence in Israel, dating back to the mid-1970s. The company's research and development activities in Israel have significantly influenced both IBM's global innovations and the local tech ecosystem. Here are some key milestones and highlights of IBM's research history in Israel: 1. **Establishment**: IBM established its first research lab in Israel in 1970, called the IBM Scientific Center, in Haifa. This center focused on software development and systems research.

Underactuation refers to a situation in control systems and robotics where the number of actuators is less than the degrees of freedom (DoF) of the system. In other words, there are fewer inputs available to control the motions or states of the system than the system has dimensions of motion. Underactuated systems can be challenging to control because not all aspects of the system's movement can be directly manipulated or influenced by the available actuators.

The term "Uruguayan astronomers" generally refers to astronomers from Uruguay or those who have made significant contributions to the field of astronomy while associated with Uruguay. Uruguay has a developing scientific community that includes astronomers who study various aspects of astrophysics, cosmology, and observational astronomy. Notably, Uruguay has institutions such as the Astronomical Observatory of Montevideo and the University of the Republic (Universidad de la República) where research and education in astronomy take place.

Vahe Gurzadyan is known for his work in the field of astrophysics and cosmology, particularly in relation to theories on the universe's origin and development. He has contributed to various areas, including studies on the cosmic microwave background radiation and the implications for our understanding of the universe.

The anti-nuclear movement in Norway refers to the collective efforts of various groups and individuals who oppose the use of nuclear power and the presence of nuclear weapons in the country. The movement gained prominence during the Cold War era, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s, as concerns about nuclear safety, environmental impact, and the potential for nuclear warfare grew.

The anti-nuclear movement in Scotland is a social and political movement that opposes the use of nuclear power and nuclear weapons. This movement has its roots in various concerns, including environmental protection, public safety, opposition to military nuclear systems, and ethical considerations regarding nuclear weapons. Key aspects of the anti-nuclear movement in Scotland include: 1. **Opposition to Nuclear Power**: Many people in Scotland have been opposed to nuclear power due to concerns about safety, radioactive waste management, and environmental impacts.

The anti-nuclear movement in Spain emerged in the late 20th century as a response to the potential risks and environmental impacts associated with nuclear energy. This movement gained significant momentum in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly after a series of nuclear accidents around the world, such as the Three Mile Island incident in the United States in 1979 and the Chernobyl disaster in 1986.

Applied mathematicians come from a wide variety of national backgrounds, as the field of applied mathematics is a global discipline. Some countries known for having significant contributions to applied mathematics include: 1. **United States**: Home to many prominent universities and research institutions that focus on applied mathematics and contribute to various fields like finance, engineering, and data science.

The anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland refers to the activism and public opposition against the use of nuclear energy and the construction of nuclear power plants in the country. This movement gained significant momentum in the late 20th century, particularly after notable nuclear accidents such as the Chernobyl disaster in 1986, which raised global concerns about the safety and environmental impact of nuclear energy.

Andrei Knyazev is a mathematician known for his contributions to numerical linear algebra, particularly in the areas of iterative methods for solving large-scale systems of linear equations and eigenvalue problems. He has worked on various algorithms and techniques that are used in scientific computing and optimization.

In the context of Wikipedia and other collaborative platforms, a "stub" is a term used to describe a short article or incomplete entry that provides minimal information on a topic. A "Mathematical physics stub" specifically refers to articles that relate to mathematical physics but do not contain enough information to provide a comprehensive overview of the subject. Mathematical physics itself is a field that focuses on the application of mathematical techniques to problems in physics and the formulation of physical theories in mathematically rigorous terms.

"Delisted digital-only games" refers to video games that were available for purchase and download through digital distribution platforms (such as Steam, PlayStation Store, Xbox Live, or the Nintendo eShop) but have since been removed from those platforms and are no longer available for purchase. This delisting can occur for various reasons, including: 1. **Licensing Issues:** The rights to use certain intellectual properties, music, or content may expire or be revoked, leading to a game's removal.

The Rockwell scale is a system for measuring the hardness of materials, typically metals and polymers. It determines hardness based on the depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load compared to the penetration made by a preload. The test is relatively quick and straightforward, making it one of the most widely used hardness testing methods. There are several Rockwell scales, identified by letters (e.g.