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A scribe is a person who serves a professional copyist. The work of scribes can involve copying manuscripts and other texts as well as secretarial and administrative duties such as the taking of dictation and keeping of business, judicial and historical records for kings, nobles, temples and cities. The profession has developed into public servants, journalists, accountants, bookkeepers, typists, and lawyers.
One of the most important professionals in ancient Egypt was a person educated in the arts of writing and arithmetic. Scribes were considered part of the royal court, were not conscripted into the army, did not have to pay taxes and were exempt from the heavy manual labor required of the lower classes. Sons of scribes were brought up in the same scribal tradition, sent to school and inherited their fathers' positions upon entering the civil service. Much of what is known about ancient Egypt is due to the activities of its scribes and the officials. Monumental buildings were erected under their supervision, administrative and economic activities were documented by them, and stories from Egypt's lower classes and foreign lands survive due to scribes putting them in writing.
In addition to accountancy and governmental politicking, the scribal professions branched out into literature. The first storeis were probably religious text. Other genres evolved, such as wisdom literature, which were collections of the philosophical sayings from wise men. These contain the earliest recordings of societal thought and exploration of ideas in some length and detail.
In the Middle Ages, every book was made by hand. Specially trained scribes had to carefully cut sheets of parchment, make the ink, write the script, bind the pages and create a cover to protect the script. This was all accomplished in a writing room called a scriptorium which was kept very quiet so scribes could maintain concentration. A large scriptorium may have up to 40 scribes working. Scribes woke to morning bells before dawn and worked until the evening bells, with a lunch break in between. They worked every day except for the Sabbath. Scribes were only able to work in daylight, due to the expense of candles.
The scribe was a common job in medieval European towns during the 10th and 11th centuries. Many were employed at scriptoria owned by local schoolmasters or lords. These scribes worked under deadlines to complete commissioned works such as historic chronicles or poetry.
These scribes would meticulously record the information presented in the texts, but not mindlessly. In the case of herbals, for instance, there is evidence that the monks improved upon some texts, retracted textual errors, and made the text particularly relevant to the area in which they lived. Some scribes even went so far as to grow some of the plants included in the texts. They had little room or patience to disseminate the imaginary plants. The writers truly restricted themselves to only include practical information.
Meanwhile, in the case of bestiaries, the scribes generally copied and cited previous texts to pass them on. Unlike the herbals, the scribes could not grow an animal in their garden, so largely the information taken from the bestiaries was taken at face value.
In the 13th century, Paris was the first city to have a large commercial trade of manuscripts, with book producers being commissioned to make specific books for specific people. Paris had a large enough population of wealthy literate persons to support the livelihood of people producing manuscripts.
Wait, why the paragraph break doesnt work at all?
One of the most important professionals in ancient Egypt was a person educated in the arts of writing and arithmetic. Scribes were considered part of the royal court, were not conscripted into the army, did not have to pay taxes and were exempt from the heavy manual labor required of the lower classes. Sons of scribes were brought up in the same scribal tradition, sent to school and inherited their fathers' positions upon entering the civil service. Much of what is known about ancient Egypt is due to the activities of its scribes and the officials. Monumental buildings were erected under their supervision, administrative and economic activities were documented by them, and stories from Egypt's lower classes and foreign lands survive due to scribes putting them in writing.
In addition to accountancy and governmental politicking, the scribal professions branched out into literature. The first storeis were probably religious text. Other genres evolved, such as wisdom literature, which were collections of the philosophical sayings from wise men. These contain the earliest recordings of societal thought and exploration of ideas in some length and detail.
In the Middle Ages, every book was made by hand. Specially trained scribes had to carefully cut sheets of parchment, make the ink, write the script, bind the pages and create a cover to protect the script. This was all accomplished in a writing room called a scriptorium which was kept very quiet so scribes could maintain concentration. A large scriptorium may have up to 40 scribes working. Scribes woke to morning bells before dawn and worked until the evening bells, with a lunch break in between. They worked every day except for the Sabbath. Scribes were only able to work in daylight, due to the expense of candles.
The scribe was a common job in medieval European towns during the 10th and 11th centuries. Many were employed at scriptoria owned by local schoolmasters or lords. These scribes worked under deadlines to complete commissioned works such as historic chronicles or poetry.
These scribes would meticulously record the information presented in the texts, but not mindlessly. In the case of herbals, for instance, there is evidence that the monks improved upon some texts, retracted textual errors, and made the text particularly relevant to the area in which they lived. Some scribes even went so far as to grow some of the plants included in the texts. They had little room or patience to disseminate the imaginary plants. The writers truly restricted themselves to only include practical information.
Meanwhile, in the case of bestiaries, the scribes generally copied and cited previous texts to pass them on. Unlike the herbals, the scribes could not grow an animal in their garden, so largely the information taken from the bestiaries was taken at face value.
In the 13th century, Paris was the first city to have a large commercial trade of manuscripts, with book producers being commissioned to make specific books for specific people. Paris had a large enough population of wealthy literate persons to support the livelihood of people producing manuscripts.
Wait, why the paragraph break doesnt work at all?
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Neutral Review about Dispute by 
anynomous8kahlgajkqiujlg 0 Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 2022-11-23
anynomous8kahlgajkqiujlg 0 Updated 2024-12-15 +Created 2022-11-23 Chinese Mainlander
First, all Chinese mainlander under ccp's ruling. Censorship causes many things. And my observations are based on common educated younger people and farmers, not elite or gongzhi.
Compared with every other country people I have meet, Chinese mainlander is naiver and more like "good" kid. Most of them cannot speak English and because they don't have a way to use VPN, they are more self-enclosed(means do not speak with foreigner too much about politics). Chinese mainlander also makes many funny memes but not politics. But, Chinese mindset is more like American sometimes. Chinese mainlander/sometimes CCP welcomes laowai. Chinese mainlander welcome multiculturalism and foreigner, like Japan, Korean, US, Russia etc... But because of political reasons, things must change. I think Chinese mainlander is a kind people but "brain-washed" only. Chinese mainlander is usually poorer than American, but for volunteering or donating sometimes, Chinese mainlander express more enthusiasm than its should rank. Sometimes you can compare that with Japanese (I know English world like Japan, Chinese mainlander also like it). All because we have morals and ethics in Chinese tradition. As I know, Brits should have something same knight spirit like that. But yes, everyone is the same. The ones learn Chinese history deeply, and any other countries history will find some dark theory, that's a Chinese politician, leads the lambs.
Honestly, I like Chinese mainlander sometimes more than foreigner, because if you really know them deeply (need know Simplified Chinese deeply), they are some funny and most kind people in the world. Yes, there is some noise. But a typical Chinese mainlander don't hate anyone but just want to a fun(full of haters, I think it is characteristics of a free but amoral society). Except political issues. After all, ccp is the shepherd of China. Chinese society is not free, but no haters actually if deeps into Chinese mainlander.
The summary and fact are: Chinese have a moral culture like Brits but under CCP ruling. I don't think every country promotes a moral culture, but China does. Many times, it is a loyalty culture, but also keep somethings invaluable. Chinese (including Taiwanese) actually value virtue but I don't know CCP. So Chinese communism, indeed has some Chinese characteristics.
And Chinese gov's KGB usually more powerless than real KGB because no creative thinking. Shepherds only keep real lambs to be an offical. So, for KGB spying ways, the government usually cooperates with the semi-offical organization. They can't refuse, and sometimes they are children of gov(communism).
Freedom of Speech (Freedom)
Except China-politic related Chinese media has a good point in truth because Chinese government also ban radical/porn speech and nsfw/bloody. Sometimes some points may be magnified by real minorities that out of China Mainland. Han Chinese not like other main nationality, it takes 98% in China. China's ethnic minorities are real minorities, not like Indians, Russian, or Serbia nationality. Chinese KGB is not real KGB and powerless, the things they can do is very limited when you are other country. Tibet let me think about Texas. Tibet may has more reasons than Texas. CCP cops are not good but also do not arrest people without a reason except you are in a political crime. But indeed, Chinese gov is not an all-people's democratic government. And, people tend to criticize one's own government, and when people are out of the gov's control, people will do something real freedom because complete liberation. Today's Xinjiang situation has many reasons, can be tracked back Tsarist Empire. The growth of CCP get helped by minorities, so in common CCP like minorities except people wanting to incite division. But CCP uses wolf warrior diplomacy and strict censorship, that makes CCP bad. But honestly, having no freedom of speech is really bad. But people also always get used to it and enjoy their life.
Taiwanese is also most Han Chinese. There is no little Russian or bigger Russian, because Russian in Russia cannot take 80%. So, one China has a reason, and KMT also agree with that.
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, which is the most keypoint for any dissenters. Other points for common Chinese mainlander, it is too much for them. Truly nobody can tolerate it and for them, they are living under a CCP ruling country with many wumaos, and officials need to learn XJP. And, Chinese mainlander cannot speak reasons by English, and democracy is also a new word for the millennium ancient country.
For evil-man, I think it is a total ridiculous, but I will take a neutral attitude. English world people like Japan, but Japan may have more evil man.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_by_region
In China, prostitution is totally illegal. Japan has a same color but truth is not. In this graph, I can see how English world view Japan in such a positive attitude. Both mainland and taiwanese like Japan, but in my neutral view, I think Japan need more moral education maybe.
news.hsw.cn/system/2022/1123/1551859.shtml
A graduate student was expelled for visiting prostitutes.
About Japanese brothel, I would not like say too much, but many Chinese mainlander want to a visit and know it is totally public.
From what I know about Japanese women, when they really want to know Chinese mainland deeply, they prefer China's situation. But foreigner may couldn't see that from the outer network. The Chinese educated people take gender equality very seriously and it is Maxist's order with Chinese characteristics. On the day CCP come to power, the CCP abolish all KMT times brothels in China. Honestly, China may be is a most gender-equality country in the world. But the "gender-equality", if you mention that it never ends. And the arrested protesters about "gender-equality", they have political reasons instead of gender-equality. They meet the only mafia in China.
But Japan government is not a CCP government, so they are more open-mind and can take some clever ways to raise public opinion. Authoritarianism has many problems and this is one of them. So, the people also use CCP's way, no reason for that. Actually, because it is no open election and censorship, nobody has the ability to think or be reasonable. And officials don't take the reasons. Truly censorship makes CCP look bad, although mainlander don't know that in the country, when they leave China, they will exercise their total even not fair liberty in retaliation.
I'm trying my best to keep neutral "doublethink".That's China reality, but all in all, I believe in freedom. And, communism bad(in freedom).
First, all Chinese mainlander under ccp's ruling. Censorship causes many things. And my observations are based on common educated younger people and farmers, not elite or gongzhi.
Compared with every other country people I have meet, Chinese mainlander is naiver and more like "good" kid. Most of them cannot speak English and because they don't have a way to use VPN, they are more self-enclosed(means do not speak with foreigner too much about politics). Chinese mainlander also makes many funny memes but not politics. But, Chinese mindset is more like American sometimes. Chinese mainlander/sometimes CCP welcomes laowai. Chinese mainlander welcome multiculturalism and foreigner, like Japan, Korean, US, Russia etc... But because of political reasons, things must change. I think Chinese mainlander is a kind people but "brain-washed" only. Chinese mainlander is usually poorer than American, but for volunteering or donating sometimes, Chinese mainlander express more enthusiasm than its should rank. Sometimes you can compare that with Japanese (I know English world like Japan, Chinese mainlander also like it). All because we have morals and ethics in Chinese tradition. As I know, Brits should have something same knight spirit like that. But yes, everyone is the same. The ones learn Chinese history deeply, and any other countries history will find some dark theory, that's a Chinese politician, leads the lambs.
Honestly, I like Chinese mainlander sometimes more than foreigner, because if you really know them deeply (need know Simplified Chinese deeply), they are some funny and most kind people in the world. Yes, there is some noise. But a typical Chinese mainlander don't hate anyone but just want to a fun(full of haters, I think it is characteristics of a free but amoral society). Except political issues. After all, ccp is the shepherd of China. Chinese society is not free, but no haters actually if deeps into Chinese mainlander.
The summary and fact are: Chinese have a moral culture like Brits but under CCP ruling. I don't think every country promotes a moral culture, but China does. Many times, it is a loyalty culture, but also keep somethings invaluable. Chinese (including Taiwanese) actually value virtue but I don't know CCP. So Chinese communism, indeed has some Chinese characteristics.
And Chinese gov's KGB usually more powerless than real KGB because no creative thinking. Shepherds only keep real lambs to be an offical. So, for KGB spying ways, the government usually cooperates with the semi-offical organization. They can't refuse, and sometimes they are children of gov(communism).
Freedom of Speech (Freedom)
Except China-politic related Chinese media has a good point in truth because Chinese government also ban radical/porn speech and nsfw/bloody. Sometimes some points may be magnified by real minorities that out of China Mainland. Han Chinese not like other main nationality, it takes 98% in China. China's ethnic minorities are real minorities, not like Indians, Russian, or Serbia nationality. Chinese KGB is not real KGB and powerless, the things they can do is very limited when you are other country. Tibet let me think about Texas. Tibet may has more reasons than Texas. CCP cops are not good but also do not arrest people without a reason except you are in a political crime. But indeed, Chinese gov is not an all-people's democratic government. And, people tend to criticize one's own government, and when people are out of the gov's control, people will do something real freedom because complete liberation. Today's Xinjiang situation has many reasons, can be tracked back Tsarist Empire. The growth of CCP get helped by minorities, so in common CCP like minorities except people wanting to incite division. But CCP uses wolf warrior diplomacy and strict censorship, that makes CCP bad. But honestly, having no freedom of speech is really bad. But people also always get used to it and enjoy their life.
Taiwanese is also most Han Chinese. There is no little Russian or bigger Russian, because Russian in Russia cannot take 80%. So, one China has a reason, and KMT also agree with that.
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, which is the most keypoint for any dissenters. Other points for common Chinese mainlander, it is too much for them. Truly nobody can tolerate it and for them, they are living under a CCP ruling country with many wumaos, and officials need to learn XJP. And, Chinese mainlander cannot speak reasons by English, and democracy is also a new word for the millennium ancient country.
For evil-man, I think it is a total ridiculous, but I will take a neutral attitude. English world people like Japan, but Japan may have more evil man.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_by_region
In China, prostitution is totally illegal. Japan has a same color but truth is not. In this graph, I can see how English world view Japan in such a positive attitude. Both mainland and taiwanese like Japan, but in my neutral view, I think Japan need more moral education maybe.
news.hsw.cn/system/2022/1123/1551859.shtml
A graduate student was expelled for visiting prostitutes.
About Japanese brothel, I would not like say too much, but many Chinese mainlander want to a visit and know it is totally public.
From what I know about Japanese women, when they really want to know Chinese mainland deeply, they prefer China's situation. But foreigner may couldn't see that from the outer network. The Chinese educated people take gender equality very seriously and it is Maxist's order with Chinese characteristics. On the day CCP come to power, the CCP abolish all KMT times brothels in China. Honestly, China may be is a most gender-equality country in the world. But the "gender-equality", if you mention that it never ends. And the arrested protesters about "gender-equality", they have political reasons instead of gender-equality. They meet the only mafia in China.
But Japan government is not a CCP government, so they are more open-mind and can take some clever ways to raise public opinion. Authoritarianism has many problems and this is one of them. So, the people also use CCP's way, no reason for that. Actually, because it is no open election and censorship, nobody has the ability to think or be reasonable. And officials don't take the reasons. Truly censorship makes CCP look bad, although mainlander don't know that in the country, when they leave China, they will exercise their total even not fair liberty in retaliation.
I'm trying my best to keep neutral "doublethink".That's China reality, but all in all, I believe in freedom. And, communism bad(in freedom).
Welcome to my home page!
I can not join your movement because I really have more reasons than other ones. For privacy, I can't explain that. And, For me, I know that for the current situations in China, I can't do anything. For China, I think only solution is revolution not reform. The protesters will die with nobody know that without tech. People could try, but it is a Way of Sacrifice.
space.bilibili.com/355027238/dynamic
chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/667881.html
According the report, this organization help programthink arrested. I research that for some days, and the evidences express its correctness.
净网志愿者协会, may one day you will be captured by them. But you are foreigner, they don't have a way to do that.
净网志愿者协会, it is a semi-official organization but with high-tech hacker technology. You know, in China, high-tech hackers will not be an offical. Because it is a semi-official organization with many young little-pink engineer, the tracking for programthink, it could be done.
They are actually not wumao, but they may be more formidable opponent. But you live aboard, they can't do anything and officals will not always listen their views.
Why do I think its claim for programthink's arrest is credible? Because some inference.
The organization says programthink is 马勇康.
github.com/programthink/zhao/issues/418
one year passed, 2022/05, offical media(only media) say 马某某，煽动分裂国家、煽动颠覆国家政权
baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1731886110528251526&wfr=spider&for=pc
the 马 first name only has 1% population in China. Coincidence? And according the report's keyword: 浙江温州, 科技有限公司，“洗脑”，“人生导师”，顽固
just like a copycat keyword for programthink blog and it conforms characteristics.
and the organization say 马勇康 is 山东人, the offical media say he is 浙江人
According the data in the website or anywhere:
www.23mofang.com/ancestry/library-surname/5f34ee9eff5a3344d6a8aabe
浙江(ZheJiang province) have less 马 than 山东.
And programthink family's post say programthink lastly has a business travel to a city in eastern China, you see 温州，浙江，上海，all keyword is about the eastern China. 温州 is a interesting keyword, if you search programthink's issues, it has a strange 温州 people, but no other Zhejiang province's county.
And other crime such as 政治纲领, as I know for CCP cop, they need some more outstanding achievement. 继续调查中，because the CCP cop needs more news by the mouth even it is not neutral. And, it is possible that programthink think he could take the all blames on his shoulder maybe.
These inference may is only inference by brain ———— we never know what is a truth.
www.bilibili.com/video/BV14S4y1T7RT/?spm_id_from=333.999.0.0
净网志愿者协会 mentions programthink in the video.
I only know that they may be the not many real high-tech little-pink and hackers and really can do that. They are more terrible cop, even sometimes, gov will not listen them. I don't know in 2022 the organizations like it will do what.
Sometimes I think what is better? For my reasons I know I couldn't join yours. And I can't keep "doublethink"(ps: I'm not an official, official never doublethink). The only difference between China and 1984 may is the war is peace. China gov officials say China love peace, and in fact, CCP indeed take less war than other countries. But it is Chinese nature, may CCP also keep something.
CCP is not worse like Russia, so it is more difficult, for any reform. And reform may not work too fast or really work, only revolution.
space.bilibili.com/355027238/dynamic
chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/667881.html
According the report, this organization help programthink arrested. I research that for some days, and the evidences express its correctness.
净网志愿者协会, may one day you will be captured by them. But you are foreigner, they don't have a way to do that.
净网志愿者协会, it is a semi-official organization but with high-tech hacker technology. You know, in China, high-tech hackers will not be an offical. Because it is a semi-official organization with many young little-pink engineer, the tracking for programthink, it could be done.
They are actually not wumao, but they may be more formidable opponent. But you live aboard, they can't do anything and officals will not always listen their views.
Why do I think its claim for programthink's arrest is credible? Because some inference.
The organization says programthink is 马勇康.
github.com/programthink/zhao/issues/418
one year passed, 2022/05, offical media(only media) say 马某某，煽动分裂国家、煽动颠覆国家政权
baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1731886110528251526&wfr=spider&for=pc
the 马 first name only has 1% population in China. Coincidence? And according the report's keyword: 浙江温州, 科技有限公司，“洗脑”，“人生导师”，顽固
just like a copycat keyword for programthink blog and it conforms characteristics.
and the organization say 马勇康 is 山东人, the offical media say he is 浙江人
According the data in the website or anywhere:
www.23mofang.com/ancestry/library-surname/5f34ee9eff5a3344d6a8aabe
浙江(ZheJiang province) have less 马 than 山东.
And programthink family's post say programthink lastly has a business travel to a city in eastern China, you see 温州，浙江，上海，all keyword is about the eastern China. 温州 is a interesting keyword, if you search programthink's issues, it has a strange 温州 people, but no other Zhejiang province's county.
And other crime such as 政治纲领, as I know for CCP cop, they need some more outstanding achievement. 继续调查中，because the CCP cop needs more news by the mouth even it is not neutral. And, it is possible that programthink think he could take the all blames on his shoulder maybe.
These inference may is only inference by brain ———— we never know what is a truth.
www.bilibili.com/video/BV14S4y1T7RT/?spm_id_from=333.999.0.0
净网志愿者协会 mentions programthink in the video.
I only know that they may be the not many real high-tech little-pink and hackers and really can do that. They are more terrible cop, even sometimes, gov will not listen them. I don't know in 2022 the organizations like it will do what.
Sometimes I think what is better? For my reasons I know I couldn't join yours. And I can't keep "doublethink"(ps: I'm not an official, official never doublethink). The only difference between China and 1984 may is the war is peace. China gov officials say China love peace, and in fact, CCP indeed take less war than other countries. But it is Chinese nature, may CCP also keep something.
CCP is not worse like Russia, so it is more difficult, for any reform. And reform may not work too fast or really work, only revolution.
Welcome to my home page!
Welcome to my home page!
Welcome to my home page!
Welcome to my home page!
Welcome to my home page!
Welcome to my home page!
Welcome to my home page!
Welcome to my home page!
This is a section about Vector space!
Vector space is a very important subject about which there is a lot to say.
For example, this sentence. And then another one.
Pinned article: ourbigbook/introduction-to-the-ourbigbook-project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivative - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 4. Visual Studio Code extension tree navigation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension.Video 4. OurBigBook Visual Studio Code extension editing and navigation demo. Source. - Internal cross file references done right:
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
Figure 6. Dynamic article tree with infinitely deep table of contents.Live URL: ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/chordateDescendant pages can also show up as toplevel e.g.: ourbigbook.com/cirosantilli/chordate-subclade
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact