The author Horace Freeland Judson was a MacArthur fellow, no wonder he found the time to write this bible!
On the Internet Archive Open Library:
Max Delbrück is quoted as saying:Nice way to put it.
When Thomas F. Anderson had started taking and publishing the first phage electron microscope images:
Now, Anderson later wrote, "We could really see the phage as tadpole shaped particles, whose heads ranged from 600 to 800 A [...] Anderson wrote. "I remember particularly the reaction of Alfred Hershey's teacher, kindly old Professor J. J. Bronfenbrenner, who had worked on bacteriophages for many years at Washington University in St. Louis. ... When he first saw our pictures ... he clapped the palm of his hand to his forehead and exclaimed, 'Mein Gott! They've got tails!'"
Nice quote from Pauling's Nobel Prize speech highlighting the power and required accuracy of chemical ball and stick models:
The requirements are stringent ones. [...]. In order that the principles of modem structural chemistry may be applied with the power that their reliability justifies, molecular models must be constructed with great accuracy. For example, molecular models on the scale of 2.5 cm 1 angstrom unit, have to be made with a precision better than 0.01 cm.
History of molecular biology bibliography by 
Ciro Santilli 37 Created 2025-01-27 Updated 2025-07-16
Ciro Santilli 37 Created 2025-01-27 Updated 2025-07-16Conditional probability by Art of the Problem
. Source. 
Welcome to my home page!
Ion Selective Electrodes Response of the Glass Electrode by 
pioyi 6 Created 2025-01-25 Updated 2025-04-18
pioyi 6 Created 2025-01-25 Updated 2025-04-18In each interface of the membrane an equilibrium is established:
Ion Selective Electrodes Ion Selective Electrodes (References) by pioyi 6 Created 2025-01-25 Updated 2025-04-18
pioyi 6 Created 2025-01-25 Updated 2025-04-18Glass Electrodes make use of the ion-selective properties of glass and are used today in pH measurements.
The indicator electrode consists of a thin glass membrane that is contained inside a thick-walled glass or plastic tube. Inside the tube, there exists a solution of HCl (0.1M) satured with AgCl together with a silver wire. This is an internal Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The indicator electrode is connect with another refenrece electrode (the external one) and thus the cell is complete.
There are many types of ion-selective electrodes (often abbreviated as ISEs) whose design greatly varies. Nevertheless they are all based on the same principle: The membrane potential.
A membrane is any continuous layer made of a semi-permeable material, that separates two solutions. The membrane's characteristics cause the appearance of a membrane potential across the two solutions.
The membrane potential exists, due to the concentration difference (more accurately, activity difference) of the two solutions. Compounds from the denser mixture will diffuse through the membrane to the dilute solution, thus giving rise to a potential difference adjacent to the membrane. The present potential field opposes the movement caused by the diffusion, and a dynamic equilibrium is eventually established.
The membrane potential that is established due to this equilibrium can be calculated via the Nernst equation:, where and refer respectively to the activity of the compound of interest in the sample solution and in a standard/reference solution.
An ion-selective electrode is an electrochemical sensor based on thin films or selective membranes as recognition elements.
They are the most commonly used types of indicator electrodes (electrodes in which the analyte is being studied/measured) in potentiometric measurements due to their accuracy, selectivity and fast response time compared to metallic ones.
Hackathons are useless.
If you have a useful project, why would you ever restrict its development to a specific timeframe and with a specific set of contributors?
Just put your project on GitHub and promote it to try and get users and contributors instead!
Instead of announcing organizing hackathons, people should just curate forums where people with similar interests can talk to one another instead, to find new projects that might interest one another.
Ciro Santilli's hardware Child bicycle trailer by Ciro Santilli 37 Created 2025-01-22 Updated 2025-07-16
Ciro Santilli 37 Created 2025-01-22 Updated 2025-07-16First we got a Thule Chariot Cab two seater in our hands: www.thule.com/en-bg/bike-trailers/bike-trailers-for-kids/thule-chariot-cab-_-10204021 It's humongous, double seater only. Folded: 110 x 80 x 46 cm folded, 16.5 kg.
Thule Chariot Cross double: www.thule.com/en-gb/bike-trailers/bike-trailers-for-kids/thule-chariot-cross-double-_-10202026. Folded: 87 x 80 x 37.5 cm, 14.5 kg
Thule Chariot Cross single: www.thule.com/en-gb/bike-trailers/bike-trailers-for-kids/thule-chariot-cross-single-_-10202025. Folded: 87 x 65 x 37.5 cm, 13.8 kg
Thule Chariot Courier: www.thule.com/en-si/bike-trailers/bike-trailers-for-dog-and-cargo/thule-courier-_-10102001. This seems like an older version of the Cab. Folded: 99 x 74 x 32 cm. 16kg.
Burley Honey Bee burley.com/en-in/products/honey-bee. Double only: folded: 96.3 x 74.2 x 22.6 cm. 13 kg. 500 pounds new on Amazon www.amazon.co.uk/Burley-Honey-Seat-Trailer-Stroller/dp/B0BW21V26L, a used one for sale at: www.facebook.com/marketplace/item/575427528791792/ for 125. Got my hands on a new one. Felt good. Definitely much cheaper build than the Thule Chariot Cab, but way smaller. Still a bit large for the shed, but at least it stands a chance!
Burley Bee: burley.com/en-in/products/bee. Single: folded 95.25 x 65.7 x 25.4 cm 9.8 kg. Double: folded: 10.2 kg. 95.2 x 74.6 x 26.4
Burley D'Lite X: burley.com/en-in/products/dlite-x Single: folded 91.4 x 69.9 x 38.1 cm 12.5 kg. Double: folded 94 x 79.4 x 36.2 cm 13.8 kg.
Hamax Outback: www.hamax.com/kid/bike-trailer/outback-bike-trailer-2-seats Double: 20 kg folded size: does not say.
The hole point of Intel SGX is to allow users to be certain that a certain code was executed in a remove server that they rent but don't own, like AWS. Even if AWS wanted to be malicious, they would still not be able to modify your read your input, output nor modify the program.
The way this seems to work is as follows.
Each chip has its own unique private key embedded in the chip. There is no way for software to read that private key, only the hardware can read it, and Intel does not know that private key, only the corrsponding public one. The entire safety of the system relies on this key never ever leaking to anybody, even if they have the CPU in their hands. A big question is if there are physical forensic methods, e.g. using electron microscopes, that would allow this key to be identified.
Then, using that private key, you can create enclaves.
Then, non-secure users can give inputs to that enclave, and as an output, they get not only the output result, but also a public key certificate based on the internal private key.
This certificates states:and that can then be verified online on Intel's website, since they keep a list of public keys. This service is called attestation.
So, if the certificate is verified, you can be certain that a your input was ran by a specific code.
Additionally:
- you can public key encrypt your input to the enclave with the public key, and then ask the enclave to send output back encrypted to your key. This way the hardware owner cannot read neither the input not the output
- all data stored on RAM is encrypted by the enclave, to prevent attacks that rely on using a modified RAM that logs data
Ciro Santilli believes that these tools basically solve all the brain-dead problems which newbies would ask, and easy rep seekers would reply to.
Also, because Ciro Santilli only goes for long term reputation, which often means hard questions, this shot his yearly reputation rankings up without him doing anything, because all the guys who answered easy questions were decimated.
This was followed by Stack Overflow attempting to immorally and likely illegally trying to restrict free access to its previously commendable data dumps:which people were using to train LLMs.
This can be very clearly seen by several metrics on Stack Exchange Data Explorer, e.g. Ciro Santilli noticed that very clearly at: Total reputation in Stack Overflow over time how activity has been steadily falling since 2020.
Approximate total reputation change per year on Stack Overflow
. By Ciro Santilli using gnuplot. Methodology described at: Ciro Santilliś answer to the question "Total reputation in Stack Overflow over time". The 15 year old question was then closed soon after Ciro Santilli answered it, because of course that attracted some attention to the question, which of course was off-topic.
Questions asked per month on Stack Overflow
. Source. Also announced at:Related posts:
- www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/1592s82/the_fall_of_stack_overflow/. www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/1592s82/comment/jte8aju/ is amazing:Well known Stack Overflow user mipadi comments:You've fallen for the common misconception that the goal of stackoverflow is helping users solve problems.When the reality is that it's actually a video game. The only players are the admins/mods, and their goal is to use their "hammers" and attempts at pedantry/nitpicking (correctness not important) to compete with each other to get the highest "close" point scores. Pew pew pew!!! Bang bang bang!!! How many points can you score today?!?!Us users are just the NPCs, there as fodder for the real players.Ciro Santilli concurs, for professional niche sites. Non-professional ones are fine.
And the niche Stack Exchange sites tend to be even worse, although I can still get a question answered after much teeth gnashing, usually.
- www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/195ygru/stackoverflow_questions_down_66_in_2023_compared/ StackOverflow Questions Down 66% in 2023 Compared to 2020. Links to: x.com/v_lugovsky/status/1746275445228654728 "What's happening with StackOverflow?" by user Vlad
- www.reddit.com/r/computerscience/comments/1fri2jt/does_anyone_still_use_stack_overflow_or_has_the/
- observablehq.com/@ayhanfuat/the-fall-of-stack-overflow
- data.stackexchange.com/stackoverflow/query/1882511/questions-asked-per-year-on-stack-overflow#graph Questions asked per year on Stack Overflow
- news.ycombinator.com/item?id=41364798
Bibliography:
- www.quantamagazine.org/rational-or-not-this-basic-math-question-took-decades-to-answer-20250108/ Rational or Not? This Basic Math Question Took Decades to Answer (2025)
Pinned article: Introduction to the OurBigBook Project
Welcome to the OurBigBook Project! Our goal is to create the perfect publishing platform for STEM subjects, and get university-level students to write the best free STEM tutorials ever.
Everyone is welcome to create an account and play with the site: ourbigbook.com/go/register. We belive that students themselves can write amazing tutorials, but teachers are welcome too. You can write about anything you want, it doesn't have to be STEM or even educational. Silly test content is very welcome and you won't be penalized in any way. Just keep it legal!
Intro to OurBigBook
. Source. We have two killer features:
- topics: topics group articles by different users with the same title, e.g. here is the topic for the "Fundamental Theorem of Calculus" ourbigbook.com/go/topic/fundamental-theorem-of-calculusArticles of different users are sorted by upvote within each article page. This feature is a bit like:
- a Wikipedia where each user can have their own version of each article
- a Q&A website like Stack Overflow, where multiple people can give their views on a given topic, and the best ones are sorted by upvote. Except you don't need to wait for someone to ask first, and any topic goes, no matter how narrow or broad
This feature makes it possible for readers to find better explanations of any topic created by other writers. And it allows writers to create an explanation in a place that readers might actually find it.
Figure 1. Screenshot of the "Derivative" topic page. View it live at: ourbigbook.com/go/topic/derivativeVideo 2. OurBigBook Web topics demo. Source. - local editing: you can store all your personal knowledge base content locally in a plaintext markup format that can be edited locally and published either:This way you can be sure that even if OurBigBook.com were to go down one day (which we have no plans to do as it is quite cheap to host!), your content will still be perfectly readable as a static site.
- to OurBigBook.com to get awesome multi-user features like topics and likes
- as HTML files to a static website, which you can host yourself for free on many external providers like GitHub Pages, and remain in full control
Figure 2. You can publish local OurBigBook lightweight markup files to either OurBigBook.com or as a static website.
Figure 3. Visual Studio Code extension installation.
Figure 5. . You can also edit articles on the Web editor without installing anything locally. Video 3. Edit locally and publish demo. Source. This shows editing OurBigBook Markup and publishing it using the Visual Studio Code extension. 
- Infinitely deep tables of contents:
All our software is open source and hosted at: github.com/ourbigbook/ourbigbook
Further documentation can be found at: docs.ourbigbook.com
Feel free to reach our to us for any help or suggestions: docs.ourbigbook.com/#contact