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Welcome to my home page!

Welcome to my home page!

Welcome to my home page!

Welcome to my home page!

March 4 2024

I made an account on March 3.

As my very first task on this site, I wanted to edit my image. But I couldn't find the input field thingy for img urls so I SCOURED THE SOURCE CODE BEFORE I FOUND IT.

I'm dumb.

Thanks for reading.

P.S. I suppose this typo wasn't intentional?

Welcome to my home page!

Welcome to my home page!

莆田中医院的医疗腐败问题其严重性远超我们的想象。多次举报莆田纪检监察，莆田市医疗保障局，都不了了之！希望引起监管机构和社会各界的关注。

*关爱协会套现：
莆田中医院以“关爱协会”为幌子，频繁进行套现操作。在2019年，医院向“莆田市关爱协会”捐款1000万元，但只有极少部分资金用于真正的慈善事业，大部分被套现，流入医院领导及其亲属的个人账户。相关人员有医院院长徐碧霞和协会会长苏清雄

*医疗设备采购回扣：
莆田中医院在医疗设备采购过程中频繁与供应商合谋。在2018年，医院以高价购入价值2180万元的医疗设备，实际市场价值仅为1200万元。其中980万元被设备供应商返还给医院领导。供应商为“福建莆田仁德医疗器械有限公司”，公司法人为黄长胜

*中医药品供应商回扣：
该医院与多家中药品供应商合作，其中一家名为“莆田药业有限公司”，向医院提供次品中药材，价格远高于市场价数倍。该公司法人为翁秋生，与医院财务处长刘涛有着密切的合作关系。

*虚报患者费用：
医院财务部门负责人刘涛利用职务之便，虚报患者费用，违规领取医疗保险报销款项，金额达500万元。

*职务侵占公款：
医院副院长李明利用职务之便，频繁套取医院资金用于私人消费。相关资金共计500万元，其中包括用于购买名车、豪宅等。

这些腐败行为对社会造成了巨大的伤害。首先，医疗费用的虚高使得患者负担沉重，医疗成本的上涨直接影响到了普通百姓的生活。其次，医院的腐败行为严重损害了医疗系统的公信力，导致了人们对医疗行业的信任危机。

为了解决莆田医疗腐败问题，我们呼吁监管机构采取果断行动。首先，必须加强对莆田中医院的监管力度，深入调查医疗腐败问题，并依法惩处相关责任人。其次，应建立健全的内部管理制度，规范医疗设备采购、财务管理等流程，堵塞腐败漏洞。最后，加强社会监督，提高透明度，让人民群众参与到监督中来，共同维护医疗系统的公平正义和人民群众的健康权益。

莆田医疗腐败问题的严重性已经远远超出我们的想象，需要我们共同努力来解决。唯有通过加强监管、深入调查、严惩不贷，才能彻底铲除这一医疗系统的毒瘤，保障人民群众的健康权益。

Welcome to my home page!

The aim of PCR is to quickly amplify a specific region of a DNA sequence — in
other words to make more copies of it.

Rudimentary explanation of the basis of the method is as follows:

Single strand of DNA (single stranded DNA, ssDNA) constitutes of a backbone
chain and 4 different nitrogen bases (coded as A,T,C,G) that are attached to
the chain in a uniform way. Their arangement is the sequence or information (in
a loose sense) that a strand of DNA holds. The backbone chain has two ends that
are denoted as 5' and 3', unless stated otherwise a DNA sequence is always
expressed looking from the 5' end to the 3' end. For example:

5'—ACTGCTAGCGATCGATCGTAGCGTAGCGTATGCTGATCG—3'

The geometry and complementary electric charges of nitrogen bases allows for
stable eletrostatic attraction between A and T, and C and G, but not between A
and C or T and G. That is, the possible electrostatic bonding pairs are only AT
and CG. This fact, and other not mentioned qualities of DNA geometry allows two
strands of DNA with complementary sequences to allign themselves and form a
double stranded DNA (dsDNA) helical structure that is more stable and has lower
energy — it is a thermodynamically preffered state.

A simple model of two alligned strands of DNA with complementary sequences:

5'—ACTGCTAGCGATCGATCGTAGCGTAGCGTATGCTGATCG—3'

3'—TGACGATCGCTAGCTAGCATCGCATCGCATACGACTAGC—5'

The length of DNA sequences is expressed in nucleotides (nt) or base pairs (bp)
which is numerically equal to the lenght of the sequene expressed with letters
ATCG. The above dsDNA fragment is 39 nt or 39 bp long. Notice that strands are
anti–paralel — their ends are inverted, their sequences go in opposite
directions.

(1) The 1st step of PCR is denaturation: solution of your template DNA is
heated up to 98 °C, which raises the energy to the point where the
electrostatic attraction between nitrogen bases is not strong enough to
withstand the vibration of molecules, and the two strands separate.

(2) The 2nd step of PCR is annealing: the temperature is lowered to 58—68 °C.
Long strands of DNA in solution are disorganized and will not be able to fully
reform the helical structure on thier whole lenght. Two short (18—25 nt) ssDNA
called primers, that are complementary to the regions flanking the sequence of
interest in the template, form a short dsDNA segment with the template. The
lenght of 18—25 nt allows for greater mobility due to small size, but enough
sequence specifity to bind only with a single place in the template. A simple
representation of the end result:

5'—ACTGC—3'

3'—TGACGATCGCTAGCTAGCATCGCATCGCATACGACTAGC—5'

(the primer is shorter for easier representation, and there is only one strand
of the template shown, because non–monospace font makes it impossible to align
the other one properly, but the process for the other one is identical)

(3) The 3rd step of PCR is elongation: the temperature is raised to 72 °C,
which is optimal value for polymerase activity. Polymerase in an enzyme that
catalyses the synthesises of a new DNA strand. The specific kind used in PCR
synthesises does so by attaching appropriate building blocks to the 3' end of a
DNA strand using the complementary strand as a template, like this:

5'—ACTGC—3' —>

3'—TGACGATCGCTAGCTAGCATCGCATCGCATACGACTAGC—5'

...

5'—ACTGCTAGCGATCGATCGTAGCGTAGCGTATGCTGATCG—3'

3'—TGACGATCGCTAGCTAGCATCGCATCGCATACGACTAGC—5'

The same process takes place on both DNA strands of the template molecule — a
single PCR cycle resulted in double the amount of copies of a desired sequence.
The proces is repeated (usually about 30 times) to exponentially increase the
number of copies up to $n_0\times 2^c$ copies, where $n_0$ is the starting
number of copies and $c$ is the number of cycles.

—additional notes—

a) annealing temperature is fitted to the primers used, which is based on their
lenght and sequence (usually calculated by some variation of the Nearest
Neigbour method);

b) first PCRs were carried out using non-thermostable polymerases, that became
denaturated and lost their enzymatic activity after each denaturation, and had
to be manually added before each elongation. Modern PCRs use thermostable
polymerases that are able to withstand high temperatures and sustain their
enzymatic activity;

The aim of PCR is to quickly amplify a specific region of a DNA sequence — in other words to make more copies of it.

Rudimentary explanation of the basis of the method is as follows:

Single strand of DNA (single stranded DNA, ssDNA) constitutes of a backbone chain and 4 different nitrogen bases (coded as A,T,C,G) that are attached to the chain in a uniform way. Their arangement is the sequence or information (in a loose sense) that a strand of DNA holds. The backbone chain has two ends that are denoted as 5' and 3', unless stated otherwise a DNA sequence is always expressed looking from the 5' end to the 3' end. For example:

5'—ACTGCTAGCGATCGATCGTAGCGTAGCGTATGCTGATCG—3'

The geometry and complementary electric charges of nitrogen bases allows for stable eletrostatic attraction between A and T, and C and G, but not between A and C or T and G. That is, the possible electrostatic bonding pairs are only AT and CG. This fact, and other not mentioned qualities of DNA geometry allows two strands of DNA with complementary sequences to allign themselves and form a double stranded DNA (dsDNA) helical structure that is more stable and has lower energy — it is a thermodynamically preffered state.

A simple model of two alligned strands of DNA with complementary sequences:

5'—ACTGCTAGCGATCGATCGTAGCGTAGCGTATGCTGATCG—3'

3'—TGACGATCGCTAGCTAGCATCGCATCGCATACGACTAGC—5'

The length of DNA sequences is expressed in nucleotides (nt) or base pairs (bp) which is numerically equal to the lenght of the sequene expressed with letters ATCG. The above dsDNA fragment is 39 nt or 39 bp long. Notice that strands are anti–paralel — their ends are inverted, their sequences go in opposite directions.

(1) The 1st step of PCR is denaturation: solution of your template DNA is heated up to 98 °C, which raises the energy to the point where the electrostatic attraction between nitrogen bases is not strong enough to withstand the vibration of molecules, and the two strands separate.

(2) The 2nd step of PCR is annealing: the temperature is lowered to 58—68 °C. Long strands of DNA in solution are disorganized and will not be able to fully reform the helical structure on thier whole lenght. Two short (18—25 nt) ssDNA called primers, that are complementary to the regions flanking the sequence of interest in the template, form a short dsDNA segment with the template. The lenght of 18—25 nt allows for greater mobility due to small size, but enough sequence specifity to bind only with a single place in the template. A simple representation of the end result:

5'—ACTGC—3'

3'—TGACGATCGCTAGCTAGCATCGCATCGCATACGACTAGC—5'

(the primer is shorter for easier representation, and there is only one strand of the template shown, because non–monospace font makes it impossible to align the other one properly, but the process for the other one is identical)

(3) The 3rd step of PCR is elongation: the temperature is raised to 72 °C, which is optimal value for polymerase activity. Polymerase in an enzyme that catalyses the synthesises of a new DNA strand. The specific kind used in PCR synthesises does so by attaching appropriate building blocks to the 3' end of a DNA strand using the complementary strand as a template, like this:

5'—ACTGC—3' —>

3'—TGACGATCGCTAGCTAGCATCGCATCGCATACGACTAGC—5'

...

5'—ACTGCTAGCGATCGATCGTAGCGTAGCGTATGCTGATCG—3'

3'—TGACGATCGCTAGCTAGCATCGCATCGCATACGACTAGC—5'

The same process takes place on both DNA strands of the template molecule — a single PCR cycle resulted in double the amount of copies of a desired sequence. The proces is repeated (usually about 30 times) to exponentially increase the number of copies up to $n_0\times 2^c$ copies, where $n_0$ is the starting number of copies and $c$ is the number of cycles.

—additional notes—

a) annealing temperature is fitted to the primers used, which is based on their lenght and sequence (usually calculated by some variation of the Nearest Neigbour method);

b) first PCRs were carried out using non-thermostable polymerases, that became denaturated and lost their enzymatic activity after each denaturation, and had to be manually added before each elongation. Modern PCRs use thermostable polymerases that are able to withstand high temperatures and sustain their enzymatic activity;

Welcome to my home page!

Welcome to my home page!

Welcome to my home page!

Welcome to my home page!

Welcome to my home page!

Welcome to my home page!

Welcome to my home page!

Welcome to my home page!