Medieval Moroccan mathematicians were part of a rich tradition of mathematical scholarship that flourished in the Islamic Golden Age, particularly during the 8th to the 14th centuries. Morocco, located at the crossroads of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, contributed significantly to various fields of knowledge, including mathematics. One of the most notable figures is Ibn al-Banna al-Marrakushi (c. 1256–1321), who was a prominent mathematician and astronomer.

"Norwegian statisticians" generally refers to statisticians who are either from Norway or work within the field of statistics in Norway. This could include academic researchers, data analysts, and professionals working in various sectors such as government, healthcare, finance, and industry who apply statistical methods and theories.

T. O. Engset refers to Torsten Olof Engset, a significant figure in telecommunications engineering, known for his contributions to the field of traffic theory. He developed the Engset model, which is used to analyze and predict the behavior of telecommunication systems, particularly in relation to the call processing and blocking probabilities in circuit-switched networks.

John Rawls was an influential American political philosopher best known for his contributions to theories of justice and political liberalism. His works explore concepts of fairness, equality, and democratic principles. Here are some of his most notable works: 1. **A Theory of Justice (1971)**: This is Rawls's seminal work in which he introduces the concepts of the "original position" and the "veil of ignorance.

The concept of a "language game" is primarily associated with the later philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein, particularly his work in "Philosophical Investigations." In this context, a language game refers to the various ways in which language is used in different forms of life, emphasizing that meaning is derived from use rather than from some inherent quality of words or sentences.

The Picture Theory of Language, primarily associated with the work of philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein in his early writings, especially in his seminal work "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus," posits that language functions similarly to a picture or model of reality. According to this theory, thoughts can be represented in language through propositions, which can depict states of affairs in the world.

Phrase Structure Grammar (PSG), also known as constituents or context-free grammar, is a type of formal grammar that describes the syntactic structure of sentences in a language by defining how phrases and sentences can be generated from smaller units or constituents. It focuses on the hierarchical organization of language, where sentences are built up from smaller phrases and words through a set of rules. In Phrase Structure Grammar, phrases can be thought of as structured groups of words that serve specific grammatical functions.

Noam Chomsky is a renowned linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and political activist. His political positions are generally characterized by a strong critique of U.S. foreign policy, neoliberalism, and corporate power. Here are some key aspects of Chomsky's political views: 1. **Anti-Imperialism**: Chomsky is a vocal critic of U.S. imperialism and interventionist foreign policy.

The Projection Principle is a concept primarily found within the realms of syntax and semantics in linguistics, particularly in the framework of generative grammar. It refers to the idea that the structure of a sentence, including its syntactic categories and hierarchical arrangement, is determined by the lexical entries of its words.

The Propaganda Model is a theoretical framework for understanding how media functions within the context of power structures and economic interests. Developed by Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky in their 1988 book "Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media," the model suggests that mass media in the United States and many other countries serve as a means of conveying information that aligns with the interests of dominant elites, rather than serving as an independent or objective source of information.

Desiring-production is a concept developed by French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their influential work "Anti-Oedipus," which is part of their broader project known as "Capitalism and Schizophrenia." Desiring-production refers to the process through which desire operates in the formation of social, economic, and psychological realities. It contrasts with traditional views of desire as a lack or absence that needs to be fulfilled.

The term "Geist" has several meanings depending on the context: 1. **Philosophy**: In German philosophy, particularly in the works of G.W.F. Hegel, "Geist" translates to "spirit" or "mind" and refers to the collective consciousness of humanity or the cultural and intellectual development of societies. Hegel’s concept of Geist is central to his understanding of history and culture, where it is seen as an evolving entity that manifests through various historical developments.

Cooperation is the process of individuals or groups working together towards a common goal or benefit, often involving the sharing of resources, information, and responsibilities. It typically requires communication, coordination, and mutual support, and it can occur in various contexts, such as in social settings, workplaces, communities, and international relations. Cooperation can enhance effectiveness, foster teamwork, and lead to outcomes that may be unattainable through individual efforts alone.

Meditation is a practice that involves focusing the mind and achieving a mentally clear and emotionally calm state. It often includes techniques such as mindfulness, concentration, and breathing exercises, allowing individuals to cultivate a sense of awareness, relaxation, and inner peace. Meditation can take many forms, including: 1. **Mindfulness Meditation**: Involves paying attention to thoughts, feelings, and sensations in the present moment without judgment.

The term "mental world" can refer to various concepts depending on the context in which it is used. Here are a few interpretations: 1. **Psychological Perspective**: In psychology, the mental world can denote an individual's internal experiences, including thoughts, emotions, perceptions, and imagination. It encompasses how a person interprets their surroundings and experiences events through their cognitive processes.

A "pattern" can refer to various concepts depending on the context in which it is used. Here are a few common interpretations: 1. **Mathematics and Geometry**: In these fields, a pattern often refers to a repeating arrangement of numbers, shapes, or figures that follow a specific rule or formula. 2. **Art and Design**: In visual arts, a pattern is a decorative motif or design that is repeated at regular intervals.

In the context of philosophy, "Si" might refer to the concept of "self-identity" or "self" (the Latin term "si" can be translated as "if"), although it is not a widely recognized philosophical term on its own.

The term "neural correlates of consciousness" (NCC) refers to the specific brain states, processes, or structures that are associated with conscious experience. It is an area of research within neuroscience and philosophy that seeks to identify how certain brain activities correlate to specific thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and overall awareness. Key points regarding NCC include: 1. **Definition**: NCC are the minimal neural mechanisms or activities necessary for a particular conscious experience.

Moral psychologists are researchers who study how individuals perceive, reason about, and make judgments regarding moral issues. This field of psychology explores various aspects of morality, including the development of moral reasoning, the influence of emotions on moral decisions, the factors that shape moral behavior, and the differences in moral beliefs across cultures.

The bystander effect is a social psychological phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. This effect is often attributed to the diffusion of responsibility, where individuals feel less personal responsibility to take action when there are others around. The more bystanders present, the less likely any one individual is to intervene, as they may assume someone else will take action or might be uncertain about whether intervention is necessary.