Lamb shift Updated +Created
2s/2p energy split in the hydrogen emission spectrum, not predicted by the Dirac equation, but explained by quantum electrodynamics, which is one of the first great triumphs of that theory.
Note that for atoms with multiple electrons, 2s/2p shifts are expected: Why does 2s have less energy than 1s if they have the same principal quantum number?. The surprise was observing that on hydrogen which only has one electron.
On the return from the train from the Shelter Island Conference in New York, Hans Bethe managed to do a non-relativistic calculation of the Lamb shift. He then published as The Electromagnetic Shift of Energy Levels by Hans Bethe (1947) which is still paywalled as of 2021, fuck me: journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.72.339 by Physical Review.
The Electromagnetic Shift of Energy Levels Freeman Dyson (1948) published on Physical Review is apparently a relativistic analysis of the same: journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.73.617 also paywalled as of 2021.
TODO how do the infinities show up, and how did people solve them?
Video 1.
Lamb shift by Dr. Nissar Ahmad (2020)
Source. Whiteboard Lecture about the phenomena, includes description of the experiment. Seems quite good.
Video 2.
Murray Gell-Mann - The race to calculate the relativistic Lamb shift by Web of Stories (1997)
Source. Quick historical overview. Mentions that Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger were using mass renormalization and cancellation if infinities. He says that French and Weisskopf actually managed to do the correct calculations first with a less elegant method.
www.mdpi.com/2624-8174/2/2/8/pdf History and Some Aspects of the Lamb Shift by G. Jordan Maclay (2019)
Video 3.
Freeman Dyson - The Lamb shift by Web of Stories (1998)
Source.
Mentions that he moved to the USA from the United Kingdom specifically because great experiments were being carried at Columbia University, which is where the Lamb-Retherford experiment was done, and that Isidor Isaac Rabi was the head at the time.
He then explains mass renormalization briefly: instead of calculating from scratch, you just compare the raw electron to the bound electron and take the difference. Both of those have infinities in them, but the difference between them cancels out those infinities.
Video 4.
Hans Bethe - The Lamb shift (1996)
Source.
Ahh, Hans is so old in that video, it is sad to see. He did live a lot tough. Mentions that the shift is of about 1000 MHz.
Video 5.
Lamb shift by Vidya-mitra (2018)
Source.
Myers-Briggs Type_Indicator Updated +Created
Position representation Updated +Created
A way to write the wavefunction such that the position operator is:i.e., a function that takes the wavefunction as input, and outputs another function:
If you believe that mathematicians took care of continuous spectrum for us and that everything just works, the most concrete and direct thing that this representation tells us is that:
the probability of finding a particle between and at time
equals:
Protein complex Updated +Created
Proton Pass Updated +Created
Quantum LC circuit Updated +Created
A quantum version of the LC circuit!
TODO are there experiments, or just theoretical?
Raspberry Pi 3 Updated +Created
SoC: BCM2837
Serial from cat /proc/cpuinfo: 00000000c77ddb77
Cutoff energy Updated +Created
Cython Updated +Created
Energy-momentum relation Updated +Created
GFP tagging Updated +Created
Ruby on Rails React integration Updated +Created
Time-independent Schrödinger equation for a free one dimensional particle Updated +Created
so the solution is:
We notice that the solution has continuous spectrum, since any value of can provide a solution.
Project Gutenberg remove line breaks Updated +Created
Their txt formats are so crap!
E.g. for;
wget -O pap.txt https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1342.txt.utf-8
a good one is:
perl -0777 -pe 's/(?<!\r\n)\r\n(?!\r\n)( +)?/ /g' pap.txt
The ( +)? is for the endlessly many quoted letters they have, which use four leading spaces per line as a quote marker.
Proton-to-electron mass ratio Updated +Created
Proton VPN Updated +Created
Python classes Updated +Created

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