Updates / Marie Curie papers by Ciro Santilli 40 Created 2024-08-14 Updated 2025-07-16
Under Section "Publication by Marie Curie" I did a quick overview of the papers in which Marie Curie and collaborators publish the existence of new elements polonium and radium. Both are very understandable (except the chemistry), and have some cute terminology. I also cited those papers on her Wikipedia page: en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Curie&diff=1240252528&oldid=1238097626 Another good exercise in "old paper finding" + "Wikipedia markup/rules" as I looked at the Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences a bit.
This was kickstarted by YouTube recommending me the following good video:
Video 1.
The RaLa Experiment by Our Own Devices
. Source.
which led me into yet a quick nuclear physics binge. I shouldn't do this to myself. I also ended up writing some tentative answers on Quora:
Russian dissident by Ciro Santilli 40 Created 2024-08-14 Updated 2025-07-16
Alpha particles have low penetration depth by Ciro Santilli 40 Created 2024-08-14 Updated 2025-07-16
They are stopped by:
  • by a few centimeters of air
  • a sheet of paper
  • the skin
Therefore, alpha emitters are not too dangerous unless ingested.
Gamma spectroscopy by Ciro Santilli 40 Created 2024-08-14 Updated 2025-07-16
Breeder reactor by Ciro Santilli 40 Created 2024-08-14 Updated 2025-07-16
A nuclear reactor made to produce specific isotopes rather than just consume fissile material to produce electrical power. The most notably application being to produce Plutonium-239 for nuclear weapons from Uranium-238 being irradiated from Uranium-235-created fission.
Because you can generate plutonium-239 from uranium-238 in a breeder reactor, and then separate the plutonium-239 from the Uranium simply by using chemistry methods because you've created an element with different valence electrons.
Isn't it somewhat funny that it is easier to purify a synthetic element than a naturally occurring one?
Thorium-232 by Ciro Santilli 40 Created 2024-08-14 Updated 2025-07-16
GPHS-RTG by Ciro Santilli 40 Created 2024-08-14 Updated 2025-07-16
Polonium-209 by Ciro Santilli 40 Created 2024-08-14 Updated 2025-07-16
Polonium-208 by Ciro Santilli 40 Created 2024-08-14 Updated 2025-07-16
Plutonium-240 by Ciro Santilli 40 Created 2024-08-14 Updated 2025-07-16
This isotope shows up as an inevitable contaminant in Plutonium-239 for nuclear weapons, because it emits neutrons too fast and makes it harder to assemble the critical mass without fizzle.
Wikipedia explains that Pu-240 is formed by Pu-239 Neutron capture:
About 62% to 73% of the time when 239Pu captures a neutron, it undergoes fission; the remainder of the time, it forms 240Pu.
so its presence is inevitable.
Plutonium-239 by Ciro Santilli 40 Created 2024-08-14 Updated 2025-07-16
This is the isotope that is produced for nuclear weapons by irradiating Uranium-238 with a neutron.
Plutonium-240 is a contaminant.

Unlisted articles are being shown, click here to show only listed articles.