In simple terms, represents keystrokes of a piano, but it can likely also represent other effects (TODO confirm: bend, vibrato, slides, attack strength)
Can contain multiple parallel tracks as seen from the Wikipedia example: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MIDI_sample.mid
You can see what it contains well with GUI music editor.
To actually listen to MIDI, you need a software synthesizer, which knows what sound to make for each note. One way to specify such instruments is the SoundFont file format.
As highlighted e.g. at Human Compatible by Stuart J. Russell (2019), this AI alignment intrinsically linked to the idea of utility in economy.
Of course, this only made sense when Apple was more of an underdog to IBM, and Ciro Santilli greatly admires their defiance of the norm.
As of 2020 however, Apple is kind of on the top of the mobile world, and Think different simply makes no sense anymore, notably because it relies on closed source offline software used by millions.
it's Popular Now It Sucks comes to mind.
This is a trap every company that prides itself on it's "alternative culture" sets for itself. If they succeed, they could become the norm.
1976 Think different. 2011 Think mainstream
. Cropped from wallpapersafari.com/w/RqYUEj.1984 Macintosh advertisement by Apple (1984)
Source. This ad suggests that Apple was the new thinker that would destroy IBM, as Steve Jobs said it himself when introducing the ad: www.youtube.com/watch?v=zlQvMp5rB6g. And then Apple became IBM in the 2000's starting with the launch of the iPod and then leading up to the iPhone. Investigations on the theory of the Brownian movement by Einstein (1905) by
Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16 +Created 1970-01-01
- physics.stackexchange.com/questions/26797/why-does-work-equal-force-times-distance
- www.quora.com/Why-do-we-define-work-as-force-times-distance
- physics.stackexchange.com/questions/428525/why-does-work-depend-on-distance
- physics.stackexchange.com/questions/79523/why-does-the-amount-of-energy-transferred-depend-on-distance-rather-than-time
Uranium vs plutonium Quora answer by Ciro Santilli by
Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16 +Created 1970-01-01
Ciro Santilli's general feeling is that university should not own IP, it should belong to the researchers. Instead, university should help researchers make their startups, so they can become big, and then we can tax them and reinvest in the universities.
Of course, this goes through the nonprofit impact measurement difficulty. Maybe we could instead limit the IP to some reasonably small percentage, like 10%?
But still, as of 2020, if feels like universities are way too greedy.
- youtu.be/ji5_MqicxSo?t=1406 Achieving Your Childhood Dreams by Randy Pausch (2007). At this timestamp he tells a story about how university IP issues almost ruined a collaboration he was passionate about.
United States Department of Energy national laboratory by
Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16 +Created 1970-01-01
For a fun and brief random software encounter with that universe, see the VisIt section of stackoverflow.com/questions/5854515/interactive-large-plot-with-20-million-sample-points-and-gigabytes-of-data/55967461#55967461.
The summary from www.geeksforgeeks.org/tree-traversals-inorder-preorder-and-postorder/ is a winner:
1
/ \
2 3
/ \
4 5
In principle one could talk about tree traversal of unordered trees as a number of possible traversals without a fixed order. But we won't consider that under this section, only deterministic ordered tree traversals.
There's a billion simple looking expressions which are not known to be transcendental numbers or not. It's cute simple to state but hard to prove at its best.
Open as of 2020:
Bibliography:
- www.quantamagazine.org/recounting-the-history-of-maths-transcendental-numbers-20230627/ How Math Achieved Transcendence by David S. Richeson (2023).
Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy adaptation by
Ciro Santilli 37 Updated 2025-07-16 +Created 1970-01-01
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